PLT Flashcards
Vygotsky says what about culture?
Culture dictates what we learn and how
Zone of Proximal Development
discrepancy between mental age and level of problem solving with assistance
Stage one of Vygotsky’s speech development
Social Speech: speech to control the behaviors of other
Stage two of Vygotsky’s speech development
Egocentric speech: self-talk to learn
Stage three of Vygotsky’s speech development
Inner Speech: thinking in one’s head
Physiological needs is what stage in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs? What does it entail?
Stage one, these are biological requirements for human survival
Safety needs is what stage in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs? What does it entail?
Stage two, people want to experience order, predictability, and control in their lives.
love and belongingness needs is what stage in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs? What does it entail?
Stage three, a human emotional need for interpersonal relationships, affiliating, connectedness, and being part of a group.
Esteem needs is what stage in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs? What does it entail?
Stage four, self-worth, accomplishment, and respect.
Self-actualization needs is what stage in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs? What does it entail?
Stage five, refers to the realization of a person’s potential, self-fulfillment, seeking personal growth, and peak experiences.
Maslow’s Deficiency needs
love needs, physiological needs, and safety needs. Deficiency needs arise due to deprivation and are said to motivate people when they are unmet.
Maslow’s Growth needs
self-esteem needs, self-actualization needs. Growth needs stem from a desire to grow as a person and are achieved through intellectual and creative behaviors.
Bruner’s theory
Learners go from a tangible, action-oriented stage of learning to a symbolic and abstract stage of learning (build new knowledge upon knowledge already learned
Bruner’s first mode of representation
Enactive representation (0-1 year): action-based
Bruner’s second mode of representation
Iconic representation (1-6 years): image based
Bruner’s third mode of representation
Symbolic representation (7 years +): language based
Bruner’s readiness
Teachers should not base what a child learns on their cognitive stage of development
Bruner’s Spiral Curriculum
Structuring the learning of information so that complex ideas can be taught at a simplified level first, the re-visited at complex levels later on
Bruner’s Discovery learning
Learners construct their own knowledge and do this by organizing and categorizing information using a coding system (construct their knowledge for themselves)
Bruner’s role of a teacher
Facilitate the learning process by giving students the information they need without organizing it for them
Bruner’s Scaffolding
The steps taken to reduce the degrees of freedom in carrying out some tasks so that the child can concentrate on the difficult skills
Gardner’s multiple intelligences theory
People are not born with all of the intelligence they will ever have
Gardner’s linguistic intelligence
Word-smart, strength with written and spoken language
Gardner’s Logical-Mathematical Intelligence
Number/reasoning smart, Strength with numbers and abstract problems
Gardner’s Spatial Intelligence
Picture smart, Strength with recognizing and manipulating patterns
Gardner’s Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence
Body smart, Strength with using one’s own body
Gardner’s Musical Intelligence
Music smart, Strength with understanding, composing, and performing music
Gardner’s Interpersonal Intelligence
People smart, Strength with understanding other people
Gardner’s Intrapersonal Intelligence
Self-smart, Strength with understanding yourself
Gardner’s Naturalist Intelligence
Nature smart, Strength with identifying and understanding components of the natural world
John Dewey’s Theory of Inquiry
People learn and grow as a result of their experiences and interactions with the world and students learn best when their interests are engaged
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
Considers how both environmental and cognitive factors interact to influence human learning and behavior
Bandura’s Observational Learning
Behavior is learned from the environment through the process of observing other people
Bandura’s Attention
The individual needs to pay attention to the behavior and its consequences and form a mental representation of the behavior
Bandura’s Retention
How well the behavior is remembered
Bandura’s Reproduction
The ability to perform the behavior that the model demonstrated
Bandura’s Motivation
The will to perform the behavior
Skinner’s Operant Conditioning
Occurs when a learner’s behavior is followed by a consequence, or reinforcement
Skinner’s Positive Reinforcement
A response or behavior is strengthened by rewards, leading to the repetition of desired behavior
Skinner’s Negative Reinforcement
strengthens behavior because it stops or removes an unpleasant experience
Skinner’s Punishment
Either directly applying an unpleasant stimulus or removing a rewarding stimulus
Gilligan first stage of moral development
preconventional = survival (selfishness)
Gilligan second stage of moral development
conventional = self-sacrifice is good (responsibility)
Gilligan third stage of moral development
post-conventional = do not hurt self or others (recognize self as person)
Behavior Modification
Replace undesirable behavior with desirable behavior through reinforcement
The sensorimotor stage is what stage in Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development? What is the main goal?
Stage one, ranges from birth to 2 years, object permeance- knowing that an object still exists, even if it’s hidden
The preoperational stage is what stage in Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development? What is the main goal?
Stage two, ranges from 2 to 7 years, symbolic thought- ability to make one thing stand for something other than itself
The concrete operational stage is what stage in Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development? What is the main goal?
Stage three, ranges from 7 to 11 years, logical thought- child can work things out internally in their heads
The formal operational stage is what stage in Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development? What is the main goal?
Stage four, ranges from 12 and over, scientific reasoning- the ability to think about abstract concepts, and logically test hypotheses
Piaget’s Schema
Children are born with a very basic mental structure on which all subsequent learning and knowledge are based
Piaget’s Operations
More sophisticated mental structures which allow us to combine schemas in a logical way
Piaget’s Adaption
The process by which a child changes its mental models of the world to match more closely how the world actually is
Piaget’s Assimilation
Solving new experiences using existing schemata
Piaget’s Accomodation
Changing existing schemata in order to solve new experiences
Piaget’s Equilibration
When our existing schemas can explain what we perceive around us
Piaget’s Disequalibrium
When we meet a new situation that we cannot explain, it provides motivation for learning
Blooms Taxonomy
A system of hierarchical models used to categorize learning objectives into varying levels of complexity
What is the first level of Blooms Taxonomy? What does it entail?
Knowledge : recalling information or knowledge
What is the second level of Blooms Taxonomy? What does it entail?
Comprehension : making sense out of information
What is the third level of Blooms Taxonomy? What does it entail?
Application : using knowledge in a new but similar form
What is the fourth level of Blooms Taxonomy? What does it entail?
Analysis : taking knowledge apart and exploring relationships
What is the fifth level of Blooms Taxonomy? What does it entail?
Synthesis : using information to create something new
What is the sixth level of Blooms Taxonomy? What does it entail?
Evaluation : critically examining relevant and available information to make judgments
Preconventional Morality is what level of Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development? What does it entail?
Level One, 3 to 7 years old, moral reasoning based on reward and punishment
Conventional Morality is what level of Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development? What does it entail?
Level Two, 8 to 13 years old, Moral reasoning is based on external ethics
Postconventional Morality is what level of Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development? What does it entail?
Level Three, Adulthood, Moral reasoning is based on personal ethics
Trust vs mistrust is what stage of Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial development? What does it entail?
Stage one, Ages 0 to 1, trust that basic needs will be met
Autonomy vs shame is what stage of Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial development? What does it entail?
Stage two, Ages 1 to 3, develop a sense of independence in many tasks
Initiative vs Guilt is what stage of Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial development? What does it entail?
Stage three, Ages 3 to 6, take initiative on some activities and may develop guilt when unsuccesful
industry vs inferiority is what stage of Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial development? What does it entail?
Stage four, Ages 7 to 11, develop self confidence when competent or self inferiority when not
identity vs confusion is what stage of Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial development? What does it entail?
Stage five, Ages 12 to 18, experiment with and develop identity and roles
lateral thinking
addressing problems by imagining solutions that cannot be arrived at logically
Stream of consciousness
a narrative style that tries to capture a characters thoughts in a realistic way
Conjecture
Inferences or judgements based on inconclusive or incomplete evidence
Creative thinking
involves combining information to develop new understanding, concepts, or ideas
Scoring Guide
Assigns points to different levels of student performance
What is one limitation of a scoring guide
It may be overwhelming for students
What are some cognitive characteristics of intellectually gifted students?
Ability to generate original ideas,
Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974
Protection and rights for the family regarding educational records
Title IX of the education amendments
No one should be excluded or be subject to discrimination due to gender
Every Student Succeeds act
provide all children significant opportunity to receive a fair, equitable, and high-quality education, and to close educational achievement gaps
Standardized Test
Provides information about student’s performance in comparison to others in his or her grade level
Absolute Grading
Teacher pre-specifies the standards for performance
Relative Grading Standard
Basing a students grade on overall student performance
Performance Assessment
Requires students to demonstrate what they know through open ended tasks
Formative Assessment
designed to provide feedback during the instructional process to allow the teacher to adjust instruction to address students’ needs
Relating classroom activities to the various needs and interests of children and families reflects and promotes…
reflects a family-centered program and promotes parental partnership with the school
Informal assessment
Allows the teacher to check individual understanding
Portfolio Assessment
A collection of student work accumulated over a period of instruction
What is a paraeducator and what do they do?
A professional who works alongside teachers. They provide resources and assistance to students and families
Connectivism Learning Theory
Promotes learning that happens outside of an individual, usually through technology
Behaviorism Learning Theory
All behaviors are learned through interaction with the environment
Cognitivism Learning Theory
Learning involves the transformation of information in the environment into knowledge that is stored in the mind. Learning occurs when new knowledge is acquired or existing knowledge is modified by experience.
Self-efficacy
An individuals beliefs in their ability to complete a task or achieve a goal
Attribution
Perceptions about the causes of success and failure
Extrinsic Motivation
Motivation to participate in an activity based on the idea that you will receive something positive for doing it
Cognitive Dissonance
When new information is presented that is unfamiliar to their existing knowledge
Watsons Behavioral Theory
Behaviors are learned through interaction with the environment through conditioning
Watsons Behavioral Theory
Behaviors are learned through interaction with the environment through conditioning
Watsons Classical Conditioning
Learning by association and involves the conditioning of innate bodily reflexes with new stimuli
Thorndike’s Law of Effect
Any behavior that is followed by pleasant consequences is likely to be repeated or negative consequences is likely to be stopped
ESL students will continue to need what during their transition out of the ESL program?
Scaffolding
An inviting and inclusive school environment promotes
in-depth learning and enhances students’ physical and emotional well-being
Procedural memory
Long-term memory
Implicit memory
Short-term memory
Involved the ability to recall information for a relatively short time
Norm-referenced assessment
Used to compare a student’s performance to a predefined population
Summative assessment
designed to evaluate students’ understanding at the end of the unit
Aptitude assessment
Diagnostic assessment
assess a student’s skills and knowledge levels to determine areas of strength and weakness
Intrinsic motivation occurs when
someone wants to do something, usually to benefit themselves in some way
Negative motivation is
something that someone wants to avoid
Positive motivation is
Extrinsic Motivation involves
doing something because you want to earn a reward or avoid punishment
A learning objective is observable and measurable when
it focuses directly on what the student should know and be able to do by the time the lesson is completed
Criterion-referenced score indicates
how well a student understands the specific learning outcomes that are being measured
The school librarian looks at
curriculum, assignments, and learning in terms of the information resources, processes, and technologies required for student success
Cognitive Domain
Affective Domain
Psychomotor Domain
Peer observation encourages
reflection on teaching practices
Socratic Instructional Model
Direct Instructional Model
Teacher-centered and involves the teacher giving instruction with little to no input from the students
Indirect Instructional Model
Integrated Instructional Model
Active listening
Coaching Strategy
Reciprocal teaching
Mentoring programs have a positive effect on
teacher job satisfaction and commitment
A sequence curriculum component
deals with the order in which the constituent materials will be taught
A scope curriculum component
deals with the breadth of what will be taught in a subject
Under copyright laws, teachers may not
make copies of works intended to be “consumable” in the course of a study
Under copyright laws, teachers may
make copies or display copyrighted material as long as it is relevant to the course of study
National and state learning standards
set uniform expectations for all students and provide a foundation for defining the knowledge and skills students need in a given subject area
Scaffolding involves
the use of specialized teaching strategies geared to support learning when students are first introduced to a new subject
Scaffolding gives students a
context, motivation, and foundation from which to understand the new information
Guided thinking
Interim Assessments
Cognitive theory focuses on
the interrelatedness of information
Themes offer students
a way to understand new concepts by providing them with a mental organizing scheme with which to approach new ideas
Transfer
the ability to apply learning from one context to another context that shares similar skills or characteristics
Patterning
Self-motivation refers to
motivation that is driven by an interest or enjoyment in the task itself, and exists within the individual, rather than relying on any external pressure
interest survey
self-evaluation
Watsons Behavioral Theory
Behaviors are learned through interaction with the environment through conditioning
