Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

EOS Structure & function > pleura & lungs > Flashcards

pleura & lungs Flashcards

1
Q

what are the boundaries of the thoracic cavity?

A

thoracic cavity is bounded by thoracic inlet, thoracic wall (ribs) & diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the pleura?

A

a thin serous membrane that lines the thoracic cavity & forms 2 pleural sacs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the 2 layers of the pleura?

A
  1. serous layer (simple squamous epithelium & thin laminar propria)
  2. subserous layer (loose connective tissue)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what does the pleura release and what is the function of this fluid?

A
  • serous-fluid (also called exudate)

- lubricates & reduces friction during movement of lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the mediastinum?

A
  • mediastinum is where the plural sacs come together medially
  • it is a partition comprising 2 serous membranes with connective tissue between
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what type of pleura covers the lungs?

A

pulmonary visceral pleura covers lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

name the type of pleura that forms the walls of the pleural sacs

A

parietal pleura

costal pleura, diaphragmatic pleura, mediastinal pleura

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the pleural space and what fluid does it contain?

A
  • pleural space is the very narrow space left between the pulmonary visceral pleura (lining lungs) & parietal pleura (lining pleural cavity)
  • pleural space contains pleural fluid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

function of pleural space & fluid (IMPORTANT)

A
  • pleural space & fluid make lungs stick to inside of thoracic cavity (pleural space needs to be sealed)
  • allows thoracic wall to move in & out with lungs stuck to pleura
  • pulls lungs with expanding thoracic cavity during breathing
  • lubricates for lung movement against inside of thoracic wall
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what organs are not contained in the mediastinum

A

lungs, caudal vena cava & right phrenic nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what organs does the cranial mediastinum (pre-heart) contain?

A
  • part of trachea
  • part of oesophagus
  • blood vessels
  • nerves (sympathetic trunk, vagus, phrenic & recurrent laryngeal nerves)
  • lymph nodes
  • thymus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what organs/structures does the middle mediastinum (at level of heart) contain?

A
  • heart & pericardium
  • descending aorta
  • part of oesophagus & trachea
  • vagus & phrenic nerves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what organs/structures does the caudal mediastinum contain?

A
  • aorta
  • part of oesophagus
  • dorsal & ventral vagal trunks
  • LEFT PHRENIC NERVE
  • caudal mediastinal lymph nodes
  • pelica vena cava
  • mediastinal recess
  • pulmonary ligament
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the pelica venae cavae?

A

a fold of pleura that connects caudal vena cava to mediastinum & contains the right phrenic nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the mediastinal recess and which lung lobe does it house?

A
  • a small pouch formed between mediastinum & pelica venae cavae
  • houses accessory lobe of right lung
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the pulmonary ligament?

A
  • a pleural fold connecting the mediastinum w medial surface of lung
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

which species have an opening in the ventral aspect of the caudal mediastinum? what is the clinical significance of this if the integrity of one side is interrupted?

A
  • dog, cat & horse

- getting air in one side of the pleural cavity will lead to a bilateral lung collapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the cupulae pleurae?

A

cranial most part of pleural sacs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the cost-diaphragmatic recess?

A

space between the diaphragmatic & costal pleura where no lung is present after lungs have expanded

20
Q

do the lungs fill the pleural space completely?

A

lungs fill that pleural space completely, only leaving a capillary space between the pulmonary visceral pleura & parietal pleura

21
Q

name the surfaces of the lungs

A
  1. costal surface (contact thoracic wall)
  2. medial surface (contacts mediastinum)
  3. diaphragmatic
22
Q

what are the 3 borders of the lungs?

A
  1. dorsal (vertebral) border
  2. ventral (costal) border with cardiac notch
  3. basal (diaphragmatic) border - moves in & out of costa-diaphragmatic recess during breathing
23
Q

which structures ventilate each lung lobe

A

each lobe is ventilated a large SECONDARY BRONCHUS which arise from a principal bronchus or trachea

24
Q

name the lobes of the right lung

A
  1. cranial lobe
    (tracheal bronchus in pigs & ruminants, has cranial & caudal segments in ruminants)
  2. middle lobe (no middle lobe in horse)
  3. caudal lobe
  4. accessory lobe (in mediastianal recess)
25
Q

name the lobes of the left lung

A
  • left lung has 2 lobes in all species
  • cranial lobe - has cranial & caudal segments (except horse)
  • caudal lobe
26
Q

what is the hilus of the lung?

A
  • the hilus is the root of the lungs that
  • anchors the lungs to the trachea & heart
  • each root is formed by structures that enter & leave the lung at the hilus (principal bronchus, pulmonary & bronchial vessels, lymphatic vessels & nodes & nerves)
27
Q

name the conducting structures of the lungs (tubes that move air along bronchial tree that are not involved in O2 exchange)

A
  1. trachea
  2. principle bronchi
  3. secondary bronchi + tracheal bronchus in pigs & ruminants
  4. tertiary bronchi
  5. bronchioles
28
Q

name the respiratory structures of the lungs that are involved with oxygen exchange

A
  1. respiratory bronchioles
  2. alveolar ducts
  3. alveolar sacs & alveoli
29
Q

describe the interstitial framework (stroma) of the lungs

A
  1. lobes are divided into lobules which are small units of pyramidal-shaped lung tissue surrounded by interlobular connective tissue
  2. pleura on the surface of the lung is simple squamous epithelium with a thin laminar propria
  3. elastic connective tissue provides elasticity for lungs to contract during expiration
30
Q

describe the steps in inspiration & expiration

A

inspiration

  • chest wall expands & diaphragm is pulled back during contraction
  • creates negative pressure in pleural space
  • lung walls are sucked outwards
  • expands lungs & creates negative pressure in lungs
  • air flows into lungs

expiration

  • thoracic wall & diaphragm relax
  • elasticity causes lungs to contract
  • creates a positive pressure in lungs & expels air
31
Q

what morphological changes occur as the duct system of the lungs branches?

A
  • decrease in tube diameter
  • mucosa is less folded
  • pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium becomes simple columnar & then cuboidal
  • reduction in cartilage
  • changes in relative amount of muscle & connective tissue
  • presence of alveoli
32
Q

describe the mucosal layers of the bronchi & note the differences to trachea?
epithelium? laminar propria? beneath LP? smooth muscle? submucosa? last layer?

A

epithelium - is pseudostratified columnar ciliated with goblet cells (but fewer goblet cells than trachea)

laminar propria - loose connective tissue w lymphocytes & capillary network

beneath LP - thick layer of longitudinal elastic fibres

smooth muscle - circular to spiral arrangement

submucosa - contains sero-mucous bronchial glands (fewer than trachea) that produce a thin watery mucous that traps dust & humidifies air

fibroelastic/cartilaginous layer - cartilage plates (less continuous than trachea)

33
Q

how are bronchioles different to a bronchus?

A
  • smaller (less than 1 diameter)
  • cartilage is absent
  • epithelium is simple columnar or cuboidal
  • decreasing number of goblet cells, cilia, lymphocytes, elastic fibres & muscle
34
Q

what is the importance of the muscle layer in the bronchioles

A

muscle layer controls resistance to air flow & distribution of air to alveoli

35
Q

which structure makes up the largest surface area of the respiratory system?

A

bronchioles are small but there are many of them giving them the largest cross-sectional area of the airway

36
Q

what are the two type of bronchioles

A
  1. terminal bronchioles - end of the conducting part of the airway
  2. respiratory bronchioles - have alveoli budding off them
37
Q

name the type of cell that replaces goblet cells in the respiratory bronchioles & their function

A

club cells replace goblet cells & secrete lipoprotein surfactant
- surfactant reduces water tension and allows a thin film of water to line alveoli without forming droplets

38
Q

what are the 3 cell types of the alveoli & their functions

A
  1. squamous alveolar epithelial cells (type I) - flat & thin to maximise gas exchange & are in very close contact with capillaries
  2. cuboidal alveolar epithelial cells (type II) - contain surfactant which reduces surface tension (allows alveoli to easily expand)
  3. alveolar macrophages - remove dust particles & other unwanted material
39
Q

describe the blood gas barrier (important!)

A

oxygen must travel across the blood-gas barrier to be absorbed into the blood
blood gas-barrier consists of 3 cell layers:
- type 1 epithelial cells
- basement membrane
- endothelial cells of the capillaries

40
Q

what is the function of the alveoli?

A
  • alveoli are delicate to enable gaseous exchange
  • > air must be carefully conditioned (warmed, humidified & filtered to remove dust) before reaching alveoli to avoid damage
  • > air must be delivered & removed at correct rate (aided by smooth muscle in airways)
41
Q

describe the functional blood supply of the lungs

A
  • provides oxygenated blood for rest of body
  • provides nutrition to alveoli
  • consists of pulmonary arteries & veins
42
Q

describe the nutritional blood supply to the lungs (bronchial circulation)

A
  • bronchial circulation provides nutrition & O2 to bronchial tree, stroma & pleura
  • blood vessels arise from broncho-oesophageal artery which drains into bronchial arteries, capillary beds, venous plexuses & then either the bronchial veins (azygous vein) or pulmonary veins (left atrium)
43
Q

name the 2 lymphatic networks of the lungs of the lungs

A
  1. superficial network - in the sub pleural connective tissue
  2. deep network - follows the bronchial tree & contains lymph nodes
44
Q

which nerves innervate the lungs & what are their actions?

A
  1. vagus (parasympathetic) - responsible for bronchi-constriction
  2. sympathetic - responsible for broncho-dilation & vasoconstriction of bronchial arteries (nutritional blood supply to bronchial tree)
    - nerves follow bronchial tree with vessels
44
Q

which nerves innervate the lungs & what are their actions?

A
  1. vagus (parasympathetic) - responsible for bronchi-constriction
  2. sympathetic - responsible for broncho-dilation & vasoconstriction of bronchial arteries (nutritional blood supply to bronchial tree)
    - nerves follow bronchial tree with vessels
45
Q

which part of the lung is the last to mature during embryonic development and how does this affect premature mammals?

A
  • alveoli are last to develop
  • premature mammals may have poorly formed alveoli that do not produce enough surfactant, resulting in breathing difficulties

EOS Structure & function (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions