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EOS Structure & function > larynx & trachea > Flashcards

larynx & trachea Flashcards

1
Q

what are the functions of the respiratory system?

A
  • oxygenate blood & excrete CO2
  • olfaction
  • phonation
  • temperature regulation
  • regulation of blood pH
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2
Q

what has the features of the respiratory system evolved to do?

A
  • exclude particle matter
  • maximise surface area for gas exchange
  • warm & humidify air
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3
Q

what are the functions of the larynx?

A
  1. respiration
  2. deglutition - prevents aspiration of foreign material
  3. assists olfaction
  4. regulates intrathoracic pressure
  5. phonation
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4
Q

bones of the hyoid apparatus?

A
  • thyrohyoid bone
  • stylohyoid
  • epihyoid bone
  • keratohyoid bone
  • basihyoid (only unpaired bone)
  • tympanohyoid cartilage
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5
Q

which bones of the hyoid apparatus are fused in horse?

A

epihyoid bone & stylohyoid bone

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6
Q

name the 5 cartilages of the larynx

A
  1. epiglottis
  2. thyroid
  3. arytenoid
  4. cricoid
  5. interarytenoid (minor)
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7
Q

name the cartilage of larynx that is elastic cartilage & forms a spout-like entrance to larynx

A

epiglottis

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8
Q

name the cartilage of larynx that is hyaline cartilage is broad dorsally & narrow ventrally

A

cricoid

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9
Q

name the cartilage of larynx that is paired, hyaline cartilage & have several processes

A

arytenoids

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10
Q

name the processes of the arytenoids

A
  1. muscular process: lateral & crest shaped for muscle attachment
  2. cuneiform process: part of epiglottis in horse, absent in pigs & ruminants
  3. corniculate process
  4. vocal process: for vocal ligament attachment
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11
Q

what are the articulations of larynx?

A
  1. cricothyroid - simple rotation around transverse axis
  2. cricoarytenoid - complex rotation around transverse & sagittal axis & can regulate size of laryngeal lumen
  3. thyrohyoid - simple transverse axis
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12
Q

name the larynx ligaments

A
  • cricothyroid
  • cricotracheal
  • vocal (thyroid to vocal process of arytenoid)
  • vestibular (thyroid to cuneiform process to arytenoid)
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13
Q

name the 3 folds present in the wall of larynx

A
  1. vestibular fold - encloses cuneiform process, vestibular ligament & ventricularis muscle, absent in ruminants, from arytenoid to epiglottis
  2. vocal fold - encloses vocal ligament, from vocal process of arytenoid to body of thyroid, glottis is the space between them
  3. aryepiglottic fold - forms boundary of laryngeal entrance, from lateral margin of epiglottis to arytenoid in dog & horse & to cricoid in cat (but lies dorsal to arytenoid & cricoid in pig & ruminants)
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14
Q

what is the lateral ventricle in the wall of larynx?

A
  • deep blind-ending pocket in lateral wall
  • only present in dog, pig & horse
  • entrance lies between vestibular & vocal folds
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15
Q

what is the median ventricle?

A
  • an invagination at the base of epiglottis

- only present in pig & horse

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16
Q

what type of epithelium is the laryngeal mucosa rostral to the vocal folds?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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17
Q

what type of epithelium is the laryngeal mucosa caudal to the vocal folds?

A

pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium

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18
Q

what are the 4 sections of the laryngeal cavity?

A
  1. auditus laryngis
    - entrance to larynx, bounded by aryepiglottic fold, epiglottis & corniculate processes
  2. vestibule
    - extends from auditus to vocal folds, bounded by vestibular folds & vocal process of arytenoids
  3. rima glottis
    - space bounded by vocal folds & arytenoid vocal processes
  4. infraglottic cavity
    - continuous with trachea, caudal to glottis
19
Q

what do the extrinsic muscles of the larynx control?

A

movement of whole larynx relative to body & are important for deglutition (connect with hyoid bones, pharynx & sternum)

20
Q

movements do the intrinsic muscles of the larynx control?

A
  • control movement of the individual cartilages in relation to each other
  • close or open glottis by abducting or adducting vocal folds
  • all attach to arytenoid processes (except cricothyroid muscle)
21
Q

name the extrinsic muscles that move larynx rostrally for deglutition

A
  • throhyoid (O = hyoid apparatus, I = thyroid)
  • hyoepiglottic muscle (O = hyoid apparatus, I = epiglottis)
  • geniohyoid muscle (not attached directly to larynx, anchors hyoid apparatus)
22
Q

name the extrinsic muscle that moves larynx caudally and what it’s important for?

A
  • sternothyroid muscle (with sternohyoid & omohyoid in horses)
  • important during strenuous exercise
23
Q

name the abductor muscle of the larynx

A

dorsal cricoarytenoid muscle

  • O = dorsal cricoid, I = muscular process of arytenoid
  • abducts ventral edge of arytenoid, drawing vocal cords laterally
24
Q

name the adductor muscles of the larynx that close glottis

A
  • cricothryoid m
  • lateral cricoarytenoid m
  • transverse arytenoid m
  • thyroarytenoid m
25
Q

function of cricothyroid muscle of larynx

A
  • draws thyroid & cricoid closer together to tense vocal folds
  • O = lateral surface of cricoid, I = arytenoid muscular process
26
Q

functions of lateral cricoarytenoid muscle

A
  • draws ventral edge of arytenoid ventrally & medially, adducting vocal folds
  • O = lateral border of cricoid, I = arytenoid muscular process
27
Q

function of transverse arytenoid muscle of larynx

A
  • fine tunes actions of other muscles

- O = arytenoid muscular process, I = other arytenoid processes

28
Q

function of the thyroarytenoid muscle of larynx

A
  • adducts arytenoids & associated w vocal ligament to form vocal fold
  • O = epiglottis & internal midline of thyroid, I = arytenoid muscular process
  • dogs & horse = muscle is divided into ventricularis rostrally & vocalists caudally
29
Q

name the 2 nerves that are branches of the vagus which innervate the larynx

A
  • cranial laryngeal

- recurrent laryngeal

30
Q

what parts of the larynx is innervated by cranial laryngeal nerve?

A
  1. external cranial laryngeal n = motor to cricothryoid muscle
  2. internal cranial laryngeal n = sensory to laryngeal mucosa
31
Q

which nerve innervates the cricothryoid muscle (adductor) of larynx?

A

internal cranial laryngeal nerve

32
Q

what muscles of larynx does the recurrent laryngeal nerve innervate?

A

innervates all intrinsic muscles of larynx (except cricothyroid m)

  • dorsal cricoarytenoid m
  • lateral cricoarytenoid m
  • transverse arytenoid m
  • thyroarytenoid m
33
Q

what is the path of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve?

A

left recurrent laryngeal travels around aortic arch & continues up ventrolateral trachea

34
Q

what is the path of the right recurrent laryngeal nerve?

A

right recurrent laryngeal travels around the right subclavian artery & continues up dorsal trachea

35
Q

what is left recurrent laryngeal hemiplegia & what can it cause?

A
  • is damage of left recurrent laryngeal nerve
  • causes paralysis of left side of larynx
  • roarers in horses because cricoarytenoid cannot adduct vocal fold during exercise
36
Q

what is the position of the cervical trachea?

A
  • oesophagus is dorsal to trachea for rostral 2/3, then lies left of trachea in causal 1/3 of neck
37
Q

what is the position of the thoracic trachea?

A
  • dorsal to cranial vena cava

- bifurcates dorsal to base of heart & at the level of the 4th-6th intercostal space

38
Q

list the 3 elements in the structure of the trachea

A
  1. tracheal cartilages (hyaline cartilage) - C-shaped & incomplete dorsally
  2. annular ligaments - join tracheal rings together
  3. trachealis m - on dorsal aspect of tracheal rings & completes gaps in rings
39
Q

what is the position of the trachealis muscle in carnivores?

A

lies external to tracheal cartilage rings in carnivores

40
Q

what is the position of the trachealis muscle in all other species except carnivore?

A

lies internal to tracheal cartilage rings in other species

41
Q

what type of epithelium lines the mucosa of the trachea?

A

respiratory epithelium - pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium with goblet

  • lamina propria of loose, vascular connective tissue
42
Q

name the glands present in the submucosa of the trachea

A

submucosa contains sermomucous tracheal glands

43
Q

what are the roles of the trachea?

A
  1. rigid tube for passage of air
  2. capable of expansion to accomodate an increase in volume of air passing to & from lungs
  3. traps & removes fine particles in tracheal mucosa which is removed by muco-ciliary elevator
  4. flexible & extensible to allow movement of head, neck & larynx
44
Q

how is the trachea achieve the ability to expand?

A
  • made of flexible hyaline cartilage
  • cartilage rings are incomplete
  • longitudinally folded mucous membrane
  • elastic tissue in submucosa

EOS Structure & function (3 decks)

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