PLCL01: Causes/Effects Of Loss

Question 1

What are the 3 stages of control?

Answer 1

1. Pre-Contact 2. Contact 3. Post-Contact

Question 2

What does P.E.M.E.P stand for?

Answer 2

People, Equipment, Materials, Environment, and Process.

Question 3

What are 5 major aspects of a total organizational system?

Answer 3

P.E.M.E.P
People, Equipment, Materials, Environment, Processes

Question 4

What do performance standards tell you?

Answer 4

Who is responsible, what they are responsible for, and how often they must perform their responsibilities. Workers understand what is expected, performance can be measured against standard.

Question 5

What is an incident?

Answer 5

An event that could or does result in unintended harm or damage.

Question 6

What are the 2 categories of incidents?

Answer 6

1. Loss-type incidents 2. No-loss incidents aka near-misses

Question 7

Define safety.

Answer 7

Safety is the control of incident loss.

Question 8

What are the steps in the Loss Causation model from left to right?

Answer 8

Loss, Incident, Immediate Causes, Root Causes, and Management Control.

Question 9

Explain what is meant by each step in the Loss Causation Model, beginning at loss.

Answer 9

Loss: the result, unintended harm or damage.
Incident: the event.
Immediate Causes: substandard acts and/or practices
Root Causes: personal and/or job system factors.
Management Control: system standards compliance issues.

Question 10

Give examples of Loss.

Answer 10

Material costs of repair and replacement parts for equipment, production and profit suffer.

Question 11

Give examples of incidents.

Answer 11

Source of energy: a worker is struck by a falling wrench dropped from someone above. Harmful substance: a worker opens an unmarked canister which ends up containing ammonia.

Question 12

What types of substances or energy sources commonly result in losses?

Answer 12

Chemical, electrical, radiant, acoustic, thermal, and mechanical.

Question 13

Lack of management control is the result of:

Answer 13

Inadequacies or deficiencies with system standards, compliance with standards, or the system itself.

Question 14

Define the principle of multiple causes.

Answer 14

Problems and loss-producing events are never the result of one single cause. There are always a combination of systematic failures at various levels within the company.

Question 15

Making corrections to inadequate systems, or their standards or compliance is who’s responsibility?

Answer 15

Management.

Question 16

Explain why the Incident Ratio Studies are significant.

Answer 16

Demonstrates the importance of documenting and analyzing near-misses. By only focusing on incidents resulting in major injuries, you miss countless learning opportunities afforded by the much more frequent no-loss incidents. It is here where you will find the root causes and can work toward a proactive plan to prevent incidents before they happen, which is always the goal.

Question 17

Explain cost of injuries ice berg example from text book.

Answer 17

The biggest losses occur below the surface. You only see a small portion poking out of the water. $1 visible ice above the surface represents insured medical and Compensation costs. Below the surface, $5-$50 represents where most of the money is lost, uninsured costs like property damage. The remaining bottom part $1-$3 represents misc. Uninsured costs like investigation time, costs of hiring or training workers, etc.

Question 18

Define immediate causes.

Answer 18

Immediately before contact with harmful energy or substance. Substandard acts/conditions that deviate from the accepted standard or practice. Example act: using equipment with safety features removed or broken. Condition: Poor housekeeping, disorder.

Question 19

State examples of basic causes:

Answer 19

Personal factors: restricted range of movement to properly operate, preoccupied. Job/systems factors: inadequate matching of individual skills abilities to Job Task requirements.

Question 20

Give 2 examples of performance standards:

Answer 20

1. Every new employee will receive formal job indoctrination prior to performing an activity. 2. A weekly 10 minute meeting for all workers by their front line leader to discuss loss control.

Question 21

What are the 3 levels of Causation?

Answer 21

1. Immediate 2. Basic root 3. System control factors

Question 22

What are the correct labels for the 1-10-30-600 ratio?

Answer 22

1 - serious or major injury
10 - minor injuries
30 - damage incidents
600 - no-loss or near miss incidents