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Parasitology > Platyhelminthes 1 > Flashcards

Platyhelminthes 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are platyhelminths?

A

Flatworms

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2
Q

Two different types of platyhelminths

A
  1. Cestodes = tapeworms
  2. Trematodes = flukes
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3
Q

Cestodes are divided into:

A
  1. Cyclophyllidea
  2. Pseudophyllidea
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4
Q

Cestodes are

A

tapeworms

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5
Q

Trematodes are

A

flukes

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6
Q

Body of platyhelminthes is

A

Leaf-like or ribbon-like
Dorsoventrally flattened
Few to several meters long

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7
Q

Body cavity of platyhelminthes

A

Is missing, organs are in parenchyma
GI tract sac-like or missing
Respiratory organs missing
Nervous system primitive
Mostly hermaphorides

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8
Q

Life cycle of platyhelminths

A

Complex - heteroxenous

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9
Q

What are cestodes?

A

Tapeworms

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10
Q

What are the segments in cestodes called?

A

proglottids

Each proglottid has a set of organs, mostly reproductive

Proglottids grow from the neck area

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11
Q

In a cestode, proglottids for a…

A

Strobila (chain)

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12
Q

The anterior part of the body in cestodes is called…

A

scolex (head)

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13
Q

Reproduction in cestodes?

A

Hermaphrodites

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14
Q

Digestive system in cestodes?

A

Missing, nutrients taken through the tegument (site of absorption and secretion)

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15
Q

Life cycles in cestodes?

A

Complex, heteroxenous

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16
Q

Which place(s) do adult cestodes parasitise

A

Gastrointestinal tract

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17
Q

Which are more harmful: larvaes or adult cestodes?

A

Larval stages are more harmful

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18
Q

What is the tegument?

A

A massive cell that covers the entire surface of the worm. Place of absorption and secretion

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19
Q

Differences between cyclophyllidea and pseudophyllidea: scolex

A

Cyclophyllidea: Scolex has 4 suckers, can have rostrellum (spikes)

Psudophyllidea: No suckers, but suctorial grooves (bothria)

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20
Q

Differences between cyclophyllidea and pseudophyllidea: segments

A

Cyclophyllidea: uterus fills the whole segment. Genital pore is located laterally, no uterine opening

Pseudophyllidea: Uterus is coiled medially. Genital pore and uterine opening are medio-ventrally located.

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21
Q

Differences between cyclophyllidea and pseudophyllidea: life cycle

A

Cyclophyllidea: mainly in terrestrial vertebrates

Pseudophyllidea: aquatic stages are part of life cycle

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22
Q

Two pseudophyllideas that we study:

A

Diphyllobothrium latum = broad (fish) tapeworm
Spirometra spp. = zipper tapeworm

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23
Q

Diphyllobothriosis general description

A

Diphyllobothriosis is a zoonotic parasitoses caused by cestodes from Dibothriocephalus genus and parasitizing the small
intestine of fish-eating mammals when adult and in crustaceans and fish when larva.

24
Q

Diphyllobothrium latum hosts

A
  1. intermediate host: Copepod (body cavity)
  2. intermediate host: Fish, amphibians and reptiles (muscles, tissues)
    Paratenic host: Predatory fish
    Final host: Fish-eating mammals, birds, humans (in the small intestine)
25
Q

Life cycle of Diphyllobothrium latum

A

“Three host life cycle”, marine cycle

  1. Unembryonated eggs are passed in feces
  2. Eggs are embryonated in water
  3. Eggs hatch and are ingested by copepod
  4. Larvae are developed in copepod
  5. Copepod is ingested by small fish
    (6. Predator fish eats small fish)
  6. Definitive host eats fish
  7. Larva develops into adult in the small intestine
26
Q

Diphyllobothrium latum morphology

A

Up to 20m
Elongated scolex with two bothria (grooves)
Proglottids are wide and short
Uterine pore is present
Uterus coiled in the centre

27
Q

Diphyllobothrium latum egg morphology

A

Have operculum and small knob
Form: oval
Content: yolk and egg cell(s)
Shell: medium thick

28
Q

Diphyllobothrium latum clinical signs

A

Mostly asymptomatic, but long-lasting infection

Fatigue
Abdominal pain
Vomiting
Transient diarrhea
Weight loss
Anemia
B12 insufficiency

29
Q

Diphyllobothrium latum diagnostic methods

A

Detecting eggs:
Feacal flotation
Sedimentation

Detecting proglottids:
In feces or vomit

Molecular method:
Species determination

30
Q

Prevention of Diphyllobothrium latum

A

Fish should be frozen or cooked

31
Q

Other name for Spirometra spp.

A

Zipper tapeworm

32
Q

Spirometra spp. hosts

A

Final hosts: Dogs, cats, wild animals

Humans are paratenic host or 2. intermediate host

Life cycle similar to Diphyllobothrium

33
Q

Differences between pseudophyllidea and cyclophyllidea: shedding eggs

A

Pseudophyllidea: Gravid proglottis releases eggs inside the host. Eggs are shed via feces

Cyclophyllidea: Gravid proglottis separates from the chain and reaches the environment. Is muscular and can crawl. Eggs will be released

34
Q

Life cycle of cyclophyllideans

A
  1. Adult is in the small intestine
  2. Gravid proglottis separates and reaches the environment –> releases eggs
  3. Eggs have already larva (oncosphere) inside and are immediately infective
  4. Intermediate host ingests egg and larva hatches
  5. Larva migrates to predilection site and transforms into larval tapeworm - metacestode
  6. Metacestode developes and waits inside the intermediate host to be eaten by final host
35
Q

What is a metacestode?

A

Form of a cestode larvae
Thin-walled fluid-filled cyst which has small tapeworm “heads” growing on the inside surface.

Can have many different forms and can be present around the body i.e. brain, liver, muscle

36
Q

What is different in diagnosing cyclophyllidean infections compared to pseudophyllidean?

A

Faecal examination by microscopy is not reliable since eggs are usually released after the tapeworm segment has exited the host and eggs will not be seen.

Detection of antigen or DNA in faeces is a better option.

37
Q

Moniezosis parasite(s), latin and english

A

Moniezia expansa - sheep, goat, (cattle)
Moniezia benedeni - cattle, (sheep, goat)

Double-pored ruminant tapeworm

38
Q

Moniezosis general description

A

Monieziosis is a parasitoses caused by
cestodes from Moniezia genus, parasitizing
the small intestine of ruminants when
adult and forage mites when larva.

39
Q

Moniezia hosts, larva, transmission

A

Final host: ruminants (in the small intestine)
Intermediate host: forage mites

  1. larval stage: cysticercoid, develops in the intermediate host
    Transmission: ingestion of forage mite with larva
40
Q

Moniezia morphology

A

M. benedeni lenght 0,5-4m
M. expansa lenght 4-10m

4 suckers
No rostrellum or hooks
Wide proglottids
Twi sets of genital organs

41
Q

Moniezia egg morphology

A

Shape: triangular (m. expansa) or cube-shaped (m. benedeni)
Content: 1. larval stage

42
Q

Moniezia life cycle

A

Indirect - two hosts
1. Parasite sheds proglottids in the final host
2. Mite ingests the eggs
3. Cysticercoid develops in mite body 2-4 months
4. Larva develops into adult in the final host
5. Adult starts to shed eggs 6-10 weeks after
infection

43
Q

Moniezia clinical signs

A

Mostly benign, clinical signs in young animals
M. expansa: massive infections

General signs
Constipation or diarrhea
Intestinal obstruction
Neural signs (enterotoxemia)

44
Q

Moniezia epidemiology

A

Worldwide
Seasonal fluctuation
Natural pasture
Highest infection: autumn
Lowest infection: summer

45
Q

Moniezia diagnostic methods

A

Detecting the eggs:
Fecal flotation
Easily detectable eggs

Detecting adults or proglottids:
Necropsy - adults in intestines
Proglottids in feces

Antibodies: serology
Molecular methods: PCR

46
Q

Moniezia prevention

A

Prevalence of grain mites is huge, difficult to control

Metaphylactic deworming
“Clean” or “safe” pasture management (no grazing for 3 years)

47
Q

Anoplocephalidosis parasite(s)

A

Horse tapeworm

Two genera: anoplocephala and paranoplocephala

Anaplocephala perfoliata
Anoplicephala magna/plicata
Paranoplocephala mamillana

48
Q

Anoplocephalidosis general description

A

Anoplocephalidosis is a parasitoses caused
by cestodes from Anoplocephala and
Paranoplocephala genera, parasitizing the
small intestine of horses when adult and
forage mites when larva.

49
Q

Anoplocephala hosts, larva, transmission

A

Final host: horse, donkey
Intermediate host: forage mite
Intermediate stage, 2. larval stage: cysticercoid

Transmission: ingestion of cysticercoids in mites

50
Q

Anoplocephalas, location in the horse as adult

A

A. magna: small intestine, (stomach)
P. mamillana: small intestine
A. perfoliata: terminal ileum, cecum, ileocecal junction

51
Q

Anoplocephala morphology

A

4 suckers
No rostrellum or hooks
A. perfoliata lenght 2,5-8cm

52
Q

Anoplocephala life cycle

A

Two hosts
1. The parasite lays eggs in the final host
or expels proglottids in the faeces.
2. Eggs are swallowed by the mite, the
intermediate host.
3. The egg develops into a cysticercoid
4. The mite is eaten by the final host
5. The cysticercoid is released and
attaches to the mucous membrane
6. An adult tapeworm develops and lays
eggs

53
Q

Anoplocephala pathogenesis

A

Relatively non-pathogenic
Heavy infections are serious

A. perfoliata attaches to mucosa around the ileocecal junction

-Peristalsis disorders
-Intussusception
-Ilea impaction
-Spasmodic colic
-Hemorrhagic enteritis

54
Q

Anoplocephala clinical signs

A

Especially in young or sick horses

GI disturbances - colics
Anemia
Diarrhea
General signs
Death (in case of intestine wall perforation)

55
Q

Anoplocephala epidemiology

A

Prevalent worldwide, a. perfoliata more prevalent

All ages affected, clinical cases in young
Seasonal fluctuation: highest in winter and early spring

56
Q

Anoplocephala diagnostic methods

A

Detecting eggs:
Faeces flotation method

Adults or proglottids: feces or necropsy

Serology
Radiology (intestinal obstruction)
Rectal examination: firm mass in ileocecal region

57
Q

Anoplocephala prevention

A

Mites are widespread in pastures, control difficult
Metaphylactic deworming
Good pasture/manure management

Parasitology (3 decks)

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