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Platyhelminthes 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are platyhelminths?

A

Flatworms

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2
Q

Two different types of platyhelminths

A
  1. Cestodes = tapeworms
  2. Trematodes = flukes
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3
Q

Cestodes are divided into:

A
  1. Cyclophyllidea
  2. Pseudophyllidea
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4
Q

Cestodes are

A

tapeworms

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5
Q

Trematodes are

A

flukes

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6
Q

Body of platyhelminthes is

A

Leaf-like or ribbon-like
Dorsoventrally flattened
Few to several meters long

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7
Q

Body cavity of platyhelminthes

A

Is missing, organs are in parenchyma
GI tract sac-like or missing
Respiratory organs missing
Nervous system primitive
Mostly hermaphorides

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8
Q

Life cycle of platyhelminths

A

Complex - heteroxenous

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9
Q

What are cestodes?

A

Tapeworms

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10
Q

What are the segments in cestodes called?

A

proglottids

Each proglottid has a set of organs, mostly reproductive

Proglottids grow from the neck area

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11
Q

In a cestode, proglottids for a…

A

Strobila (chain)

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12
Q

The anterior part of the body in cestodes is called…

A

scolex (head)

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13
Q

Reproduction in cestodes?

A

Hermaphrodites

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14
Q

Digestive system in cestodes?

A

Missing, nutrients taken through the tegument (site of absorption and secretion)

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15
Q

Life cycles in cestodes?

A

Complex, heteroxenous

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16
Q

Which place(s) do adult cestodes parasitise

A

Gastrointestinal tract

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17
Q

Which are more harmful: larvaes or adult cestodes?

A

Larval stages are more harmful

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18
Q

What is the tegument?

A

A massive cell that covers the entire surface of the worm. Place of absorption and secretion

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19
Q

Differences between cyclophyllidea and pseudophyllidea: scolex

A

Cyclophyllidea: Scolex has 4 suckers, can have rostrellum (spikes)

Psudophyllidea: No suckers, but suctorial grooves (bothria)

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20
Q

Differences between cyclophyllidea and pseudophyllidea: segments

A

Cyclophyllidea: uterus fills the whole segment. Genital pore is located laterally, no uterine opening

Pseudophyllidea: Uterus is coiled medially. Genital pore and uterine opening are medio-ventrally located.

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21
Q

Differences between cyclophyllidea and pseudophyllidea: life cycle

A

Cyclophyllidea: mainly in terrestrial vertebrates

Pseudophyllidea: aquatic stages are part of life cycle

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22
Q

Two pseudophyllideas that we study:

A

Diphyllobothrium latum = broad (fish) tapeworm
Spirometra spp. = zipper tapeworm

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23
Q

Diphyllobothriosis general description

A

Diphyllobothriosis is a zoonotic parasitoses caused by cestodes from Dibothriocephalus genus and parasitizing the small
intestine of fish-eating mammals when adult and in crustaceans and fish when larva.

24
Q

Diphyllobothrium latum hosts

A
  1. intermediate host: Copepod (body cavity)
  2. intermediate host: Fish, amphibians and reptiles (muscles, tissues)
    Paratenic host: Predatory fish
    Final host: Fish-eating mammals, birds, humans (in the small intestine)
25
Life cycle of Diphyllobothrium latum
"Three host life cycle", marine cycle 1. Unembryonated eggs are passed in feces 2. Eggs are embryonated in water 3. Eggs hatch and are ingested by copepod 4. Larvae are developed in copepod 5. Copepod is ingested by small fish (6. Predator fish eats small fish) 7. Definitive host eats fish 8. Larva develops into adult in the small intestine
26
Diphyllobothrium latum morphology
Up to 20m Elongated scolex with two bothria (grooves) Proglottids are wide and short Uterine pore is present Uterus coiled in the centre
27
Diphyllobothrium latum egg morphology
Have operculum and small knob Form: oval Content: yolk and egg cell(s) Shell: medium thick
28
Diphyllobothrium latum clinical signs
Mostly asymptomatic, but long-lasting infection Fatigue Abdominal pain Vomiting Transient diarrhea Weight loss Anemia B12 insufficiency
29
Diphyllobothrium latum diagnostic methods
Detecting eggs: Feacal flotation Sedimentation Detecting proglottids: In feces or vomit Molecular method: Species determination
30
Prevention of Diphyllobothrium latum
Fish should be frozen or cooked
31
Other name for Spirometra spp.
Zipper tapeworm
32
Spirometra spp. hosts
Final hosts: Dogs, cats, wild animals Humans are paratenic host or 2. intermediate host Life cycle similar to Diphyllobothrium
33
Differences between pseudophyllidea and cyclophyllidea: shedding eggs
Pseudophyllidea: Gravid proglottis releases eggs inside the host. Eggs are shed via feces Cyclophyllidea: Gravid proglottis separates from the chain and reaches the environment. Is muscular and can crawl. Eggs will be released
34
Life cycle of cyclophyllideans
1. Adult is in the small intestine 2. Gravid proglottis separates and reaches the environment --> releases eggs 3. Eggs have already larva (oncosphere) inside and are immediately infective 4. Intermediate host ingests egg and larva hatches 5. Larva migrates to predilection site and transforms into larval tapeworm - metacestode 6. Metacestode developes and waits inside the intermediate host to be eaten by final host
35
What is a metacestode?
Form of a cestode larvae Thin-walled fluid-filled cyst which has small tapeworm "heads" growing on the inside surface. Can have many different forms and can be present around the body i.e. brain, liver, muscle
36
What is different in diagnosing cyclophyllidean infections compared to pseudophyllidean?
Faecal examination by microscopy is not reliable since eggs are usually released after the tapeworm segment has exited the host and eggs will not be seen. Detection of antigen or DNA in faeces is a better option.
37
Moniezosis parasite(s), latin and english
Moniezia expansa - sheep, goat, (cattle) Moniezia benedeni - cattle, (sheep, goat) Double-pored ruminant tapeworm
38
Moniezosis general description
Monieziosis is a parasitoses caused by cestodes from Moniezia genus, parasitizing the small intestine of ruminants when adult and forage mites when larva.
39
Moniezia hosts, larva, transmission
Final host: ruminants (in the small intestine) Intermediate host: forage mites 2. larval stage: cysticercoid, develops in the intermediate host Transmission: ingestion of forage mite with larva
40
Moniezia morphology
M. benedeni lenght 0,5-4m M. expansa lenght 4-10m 4 suckers No rostrellum or hooks Wide proglottids Twi sets of genital organs
41
Moniezia egg morphology
Shape: triangular (m. expansa) or cube-shaped (m. benedeni) Content: 1. larval stage
42
Moniezia life cycle
Indirect - two hosts 1. Parasite sheds proglottids in the final host 2. Mite ingests the eggs 3. Cysticercoid develops in mite body 2-4 months 4. Larva develops into adult in the final host 5. Adult starts to shed eggs 6-10 weeks after infection
43
Moniezia clinical signs
Mostly benign, clinical signs in young animals M. expansa: massive infections General signs Constipation or diarrhea Intestinal obstruction Neural signs (enterotoxemia)
44
Moniezia epidemiology
Worldwide Seasonal fluctuation Natural pasture Highest infection: autumn Lowest infection: summer
45
Moniezia diagnostic methods
Detecting the eggs: Fecal flotation Easily detectable eggs Detecting adults or proglottids: Necropsy - adults in intestines Proglottids in feces Antibodies: serology Molecular methods: PCR
46
Moniezia prevention
Prevalence of grain mites is huge, difficult to control Metaphylactic deworming "Clean" or "safe" pasture management (no grazing for 3 years)
47
Anoplocephalidosis parasite(s)
Horse tapeworm Two genera: anoplocephala and paranoplocephala Anaplocephala perfoliata Anoplicephala magna/plicata Paranoplocephala mamillana
48
Anoplocephalidosis general description
Anoplocephalidosis is a parasitoses caused by cestodes from Anoplocephala and Paranoplocephala genera, parasitizing the small intestine of horses when adult and forage mites when larva.
49
Anoplocephala hosts, larva, transmission
Final host: horse, donkey Intermediate host: forage mite Intermediate stage, 2. larval stage: cysticercoid Transmission: ingestion of cysticercoids in mites
50
Anoplocephalas, location in the horse as adult
A. magna: small intestine, (stomach) P. mamillana: small intestine A. perfoliata: terminal ileum, cecum, ileocecal junction
51
Anoplocephala morphology
4 suckers No rostrellum or hooks A. perfoliata lenght 2,5-8cm
52
Anoplocephala life cycle
Two hosts 1. The parasite lays eggs in the final host or expels proglottids in the faeces. 2. Eggs are swallowed by the mite, the intermediate host. 3. The egg develops into a cysticercoid 4. The mite is eaten by the final host 5. The cysticercoid is released and attaches to the mucous membrane 6. An adult tapeworm develops and lays eggs
53
Anoplocephala pathogenesis
Relatively non-pathogenic Heavy infections are serious A. perfoliata attaches to mucosa around the ileocecal junction -Peristalsis disorders -Intussusception -Ilea impaction -Spasmodic colic -Hemorrhagic enteritis
54
Anoplocephala clinical signs
Especially in young or sick horses GI disturbances - colics Anemia Diarrhea General signs Death (in case of intestine wall perforation)
55
Anoplocephala epidemiology
Prevalent worldwide, a. perfoliata more prevalent All ages affected, clinical cases in young Seasonal fluctuation: highest in winter and early spring
56
Anoplocephala diagnostic methods
Detecting eggs: Faeces flotation method Adults or proglottids: feces or necropsy Serology Radiology (intestinal obstruction) Rectal examination: firm mass in ileocecal region
57
Anoplocephala prevention
Mites are widespread in pastures, control difficult Metaphylactic deworming Good pasture/manure management

Parasitology (3 decks)

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