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Hematology 2 (Laboratory) > Platelet Count (M) > Flashcards

Platelet Count (M) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of PLT ct?

A

Measures the quantity of PLTs in 1 uL of blood

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2
Q

What is the method of collection if capillary blood will be used for PLT ct?

A

It will be collected through skin puncture

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3
Q

What is the method of collection if whole blood will be used for PLT ct?

A

Blood will be collected in a plastic syringe immediately w/ EDTA

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4
Q

What is the normal value of PLT ct in CU?

A

150,000 /uL

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5
Q

What is the normal value of PLT ct in SI unit?

A

150 X 10^9 /L

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6
Q

What are the indirect methods of PLT ct?

A

1) Dameshek’s method
2) Fonio’s method
3) Olef’s method

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7
Q

What is the stain used in Dameshek’s method?

A

Brilliant cresyl blue

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8
Q

What is the diluting fluid used in Dameshek’s method (including its ratio)?

A

Na citrate, distilled H2O, formalin and sucrose

1:5 composed of stain

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9
Q

How are RBCs and PLTs counted in Dameshek’s method?

A

RBCs and PLTs are simultaneously counted

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10
Q

What are the normal values (w/ corresponding interpretation) in Dameshek’s method?

A

< 150,000 /uL: decreased
150,000 - 400,000 /uL: normal
> 400,000 /uL: increased

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11
Q

What is the formula used for Dameshek’s method?

A

RBC ct X counted PLTs in 250 RBC

divide to 1000

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12
Q

What is the process (or steps) in Dameshek’s method?

A

1) Place a drop of diluting fluid. Gently press the finger so that the small amt of blood will mix w/ the diluting fluid.
2) Transfer the mixture into a coverslip and place it on top of a slide. Allow the PLTs to settle for 15 - 45 mins
3) Ct the # of PLTs in light microscope OIO until 250 RBCs have been counted
4) Complete for the PLT ct using the # of PLTs counted and RBC ct

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13
Q

What is the time duration of allowing PLTs to settle in Dameshek’s method?

A

15 - 45 mins

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14
Q

When will the counting of PLTs stop in Dameshek’s method?

A

Count the # of PLTs in light microscope OIO until 250 RBCs have been counted

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15
Q

What are the stains used in Fonio’s method?

A

1) Giemsa stain

2) Wright’s stain

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16
Q

What is the diluting fluid used (including its diluting factor) in Fonio’s method?

A

14 % MgSO4

1:5

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17
Q

How are RBCs and PLTs counted in Fonio’s method?

A

RBCs and PLTs are simultaneously counted

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18
Q

What are the normal values (w/ corresponding interpretations) in Fonio’s method?

A

< 150,000 /uL: decreased
150,000 - 400,000 /uL: normal
> 400,000 /uL: increased

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19
Q

What is the process (or steps) of Fonio’s method?

A

1) Place a drop of diluting fluid. Gently press the finger so that the small amt of blood will mix w/ the diluting fluid
2) Make a blood smear using that mixture. Allow the smear to dry
3) Apply staining fluid to the dried smear
4) Ct the # of PLTs in light microscope OIO until 1000 RBCs have been counted. No computation is needed

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20
Q

When will the counting of PLTs stop in Fonio’s method?

A

Ct the # of PLTs in light microscope OIO until 1000 RBCs have been counted

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21
Q

What is the formula for Fonio’s method?

A

None, because no computation is needed

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22
Q

What is the stain used in Olef’s method?

A

CV

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23
Q

What is the diluting fluid used in Olef’s method?

A

None

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24
Q

Olef’s method is considered as what?

A

It is considered as the best indirect method

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25
Q

What are the normal interpretations (w/ corresponding interpretations) in Olef’s method?

A

> 1 platelet/OIF: decreased
5 - 20 platelets/OIF: normal
< 25 platelets/OIF: increased

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26
Q

What is the formula used for Olef’s method?

A

counted PLTs in 10 fields / 10

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27
Q

What is the process (or steps) in Olef’s method?

A

1) Collect blood sx thru veni and mix it w/ EDTA anticoagulant
2) Make a blood smear using a drop of blood sx. Allow the smear to dry
3) Apply staining fluid to the dried smear
4) Ct the # of PLTs in light microscope OIO until 10 fields are counted. Determine the ct by dividing it to 10

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28
Q

When will counting of PLTs stop in Olef’s method?

A

Ct the # of PLTs in light microscope OIO until 10 fields are counted

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29
Q

How to determine the PLT ct in Olef’s method?

A

Divide the ct to 10

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30
Q

What is the sx used in Dameshek’s method?

A

Capillary blood

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31
Q

What is the sx used in Fonio’s method?

A

Capillary blood

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32
Q

What is the sx used in Olef’s method?

A

Venous blood

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33
Q

What are the direct methods of PLT ct?

A

1) Rees and Ecker Method
2) Guy and Leake Method
3) Ammonium Oxalate Method
4) Brecker-Cronkite Method

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34
Q

What are the 2 types of pipette?

A

1) RBC pipette

2) WBC pipette

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35
Q

What are the components of RBC pipette?

A

1) Rubber tube
2) Bulb
3) Bead (red)
4) Mouth piece (red?)
5) Stem
6) Capillary bore
7) Conical tip

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36
Q

What are the components of WBC pipette?

A

1) Rubber tube
2) Bulb
3) Bead (white)
4) Mouth piece (white?)
5) Stem
6) Capillary bore
7) Conical tip

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37
Q

What is the purpose of pipette shaker?

A

To shake the pipette (for mixing)

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38
Q

What is the highest graduation of RBC pipette?

A

10

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39
Q

What is the highest graduation of WBC pipette?

A

11

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40
Q

What is the stain used in Rees and Ecker Method?

A

Brilliant cresyl blue

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41
Q

What is the diluting fluid used (w/ df) in Rees and Ecker Method?

A

Stain, Na citrate, formalin

1:200 composed of stain

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42
Q

How are PLTs counted in Rees and Ecker Method?

A

PLTs are counted using a counting chamber

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43
Q

PLTs stains what color in Rees and Ecker Method?

A

PLTs stain light blue

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44
Q

What are the normal values (w/ corresponding interpretations) in Rees and Ecker Method?

A

< 150,000 /uL: decreased
150,000 - 400,000 /uL: normal
> 400,000 /uL: increased

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45
Q

What is the formula (long method) in Rees and Ecker Method?

A

counted PLTs / (1) (1/10) (1/200)

46
Q

What is the formula (short method) in Rees and Ecker Method?

A

counted PLTs X 2,000

47
Q

What is the process (or steps) in Rees and Ecker Method?

A

1) Collect blood sx thru veni and mix it w/ EDTA anticoagulant. Draw blood up to 0.5 mark of the RBC pipette
2) Add diluting fluid up to the 101 mark of the RBC pipette to make 1:200 dilution. Shake the pipette for 1 - 5 mins. Discard 5 - 6 drops
3) Charge the counting chamber and place it on a petri dish w/ a wet filter paper. Let it stand for 10 - 15 mins
4) Under light microscope HPO, ct the PLTs in all 25 small squares of the central large square w/ 1 mm^2 area

48
Q

The diluting fluid is added up to what mark of RBC pipette in Rees and Ecker Method?

A

101 mark

49
Q

What is the purpose of adding the diluting fluid up to the 101 mark of the RBC pipette?

A

To make 1:200 dilution

50
Q

How many mins should the pipette (RBC) be shaken in Rees and Ecker Method?

A

1 - 5 mins

51
Q

How many drops should be discarded in Rees and Ecker Method?

A

5 - 6 drops

52
Q

How many mins should the counting chamber stand on a petri dish w/ a wet filter paper?

A

For 10 - 15 mins

53
Q

What is the obj used in counting the PLTs?

A

HPO

54
Q

What is the stain used in Guy and Leake Method?

A

CV

55
Q

What is the diluting fluid used (including df) in Guy and Leake Method?

A

Stain, Na citrate, formalin

1:200 composed of stain

56
Q

How are PLTs counted in Guy and Leake Method?

A

PLTs are counted using a counting chamber

57
Q

PLTs stain what color in Guy and Leake Method?

A

PLTs stain liliac

58
Q

What are the normal values (w/ corresponding interpretations) in Guy and Leake Method?

A

< 150,000 /uL: decreased
150,000 - 400,000 /uL: normal
> 400,000 /uL: increased

59
Q

What is the formula (long method) used in Guy and Leake Method?

A

counted PLTs / (1) (1/10) (1/200)

60
Q

What is the formula (short method) used in Guy and Leake Method?

A

counted PLTs X 2,000

61
Q

What is the process (or steps) of Guy and Leake Method?

A

1) Collect blood sx thru veni and mix it w/ EDTA anticoagulant. Draw blood up to 0.5 mark of the RBC pipette
2) Add diluting fluid up to the 101 mark of the RBC pipette to make 1:200 dilution. Shake the pipette for 1 - 5 mins. Discard 5 - 6 drops
3) Charge the counting chamber and place it on a petri dish w/ a wet filter paper. Let it stand for 10 - 15 mins
4) Under light microscope HPO, ct the PLTs in all 25 small squares of the central large square w/ 1 mm^2 area

62
Q

Blood should be drawn up to what mark of the RBC pipette in Guy and Leake Method?

A

Draw blood up to 0.5 mark

63
Q

The diluting fluid should be added up to what mark of the RBC pipette in Guy and Leake Method?

A

Up to the 101 mark

64
Q

What is the purpose of adding diluting fluid up to the 101 mark if the RBC pipette in Guy and Leake Method?

A

To make 1:200 dilution

65
Q

How long should the pipette be shaken in Guy and Leake Method?

A

For 1 - 5 mins

66
Q

How many drops should be discarded in Guy and Leake Method?

A

5 - 6 drops

67
Q

How long should the counting chamber stand on a petri dish w/ a wet filter paper?

A

10 - 15 mins

68
Q

What is the stain used in Ammonium Oxalate Method?

A

None

69
Q

What is the diluting fluid used (including df) in Ammonium Oxalate Method?

A

1 % NH4 oxalate

1:100

70
Q

How are PLTs counted in Ammonium Oxalate Method?

A

PLTs are counted using a counting chamber

71
Q

PLTs stain and appear what in Ammonium Oxalate Method?

A

PLTs stain colorless and appear as refractile bodies

72
Q

What are the normal values (w/ corresponding interpretations) in Ammonium Oxalate Method?

A

< 150,000 /uL: decreased
150,000 - 400,000 /uL: normal
> 400,000 /uL: increased

73
Q

What is the formula (long method) used in Ammonium Oxalate Method?

A

counted PLTs / (1) (1/10) (1/100)

74
Q

What is the formula (short method) used in Ammonium Oxalate Method?

A

counted PLTs X 1,000

75
Q

What is the process (or steps) in Ammonium Oxalate Method?

A

1) Collect blood sx thru veni and mix it w/ EDTA anticoagulant. Draw blood up to 1.0 mark of the RBC pipette
2) Add diluting fluid up to the 101 mark of the RBC pipette to make 1:100 dilution. Shake the pipette for 1 - 5 mins. Discard 5 - 6 drops
3) Charge the counting chamber and place it on a petri dish w/ a wet filter paper. Let it stand for 10 - 15 mins
4) Under light microscope HPO, ct the PLTs in all 25 small squares of the central large square w/ 1 mm^2 area

76
Q

Blood should be drawn up to what mark of the RBC pipette in Ammonium Oxalate Method?

A

Draw blood up to 1.0 mark

77
Q

Diluting fluid should be added up to what mark of the RBC pipette?

A

Up to the 101 mark

78
Q

What is the purpose of addition of diluting fluid up to the 101 mark of the RBC pipette?

A

To make 1:100 dilution

79
Q

How long should the pipette be shaken in Ammonium Oxalate Method?

A

For 1 - 5 mins

80
Q

How many drops should be discarded in Ammonium Oxalate Method?

A

5 - 6 drops

81
Q

How long should the counting chamber stand on a petri dish w/ a wet filter paper?

A

For 10 - 15 mins

82
Q

What is the stain used in Brecker-Cronkite Method?

A

None

83
Q

What is the diluting fluid used (including df) in Brecker-Cronkite Method?

A

1:100 composed of NH4 oxalate and distilled H2O

84
Q

How are PLTs counted in Brecker-Cronkite Method?

A

PLTs are counted using a counting chamber

85
Q

PLTs appear what in Brecker-Cronkite Method?

A

PLTs appear display light purple sheen

86
Q

What are the normal values (w/ corresponding interpretations) in Brecker-Cronkite Method?

A

< 150,000 /uL: decreased
150,000 - 400,000 /uL: normal
> 400,000 /uL: increased

87
Q

What is the formula (long method) used in Brecker-Cronkite Method?

A

counted PLTs / (1) (1/10) (1/100)

88
Q

What is the formula (short method) used in Brecker-Cronkite Method?

A

counted PLTs X 1,000

89
Q

What is the process (or steps) of Brecker-Cronkite Method?

A

1) Collect blood sx thru veni and mix it w/ EDTA anticoagulant. Draw blood up to 1.0 mark of the RBC pipette
2) Add diluting fluid up to the 101 mark of the RBC pipette to make 1:100 dilution. Shake the pipette for 1 - 5 mins. Discard 5 - 6 drops
3) Charge the counting chamber and place it on a petri dish w/ a wet filter paper. Let it stand for 10 - 15 mins
4) Under phase contrast microscope HPO, ct the PLTs in all 25 small squares of the central large square w/ 1 mm^2 area

90
Q

Blood should be drawn up to what mark of RBC pipette in Brecker-Cronkite Method?

A

Draw blood up to 1.0 mark

91
Q

Diluting fluid should be added up to what mark of the RBC pipette?

A

Add diluting fluid up to the 101 mark

92
Q

What is the purpose of adding diluting fluid up to the 101 mark of the RBC pipette?

A

To make 1:100 dilution

93
Q

The pipette should be shaken for how long in Brecker-Cronkite Method?

A

Shake the pipette for 1 - 5 mins

94
Q

How many drops should be discarded in Brecker-Cronkite Method?

A

5 - 6 drops

95
Q

How long should the counting chamber stand on a petri dish w/ a wet filter paper?

A

10 - 15 mins

96
Q

What is the microscope used in Brecker-Cronkite Method?

A

Phase contrast microscope

97
Q

What is the obj used in Brecker-Cronkite Method?

A

HPO

98
Q

What is the sx used in Brecker-Cronkite Method?

A

Venous blood

99
Q

What is the sx used in Ammonium Oxalate Method?

A

Venous blood

100
Q

What is the microscope used in Ammonium Oxalate Method?

A

Light microscope

101
Q

What is obj used in Ammonium Oxalate Method?

A

HPO

102
Q

What is the sx used in Guy and Leake Method?

A

Venous blood

103
Q

What is the microscope used in Guy and Leake Method?

A

Light microscope

104
Q

What is the obj used in Guy and Leake Method?

A

HPO

105
Q

What is the sx used in Rees and Ecker Method?

A

Venous blood

106
Q

What is the microscope used in Rees and Ecker Method?

A

Light microscope

107
Q

What is the obj used in Rees and Ecker Method?

A

HPO

108
Q

What is anticoagulant used for both direct and indirect methods of PLT counting (if venous blood is the sx used)?

A

EDTA

109
Q

What are the causes of decreased PLT ct?

A

1) Bernard-Soulier syndrome
2) Immune thrombocytopenic purpuras
3) Neonatal thrombocytopenias
4) Disseminated intravascular coagulation
5) Bacterial and viral infections
6) Bone marrow infiltration
7) Gestational thrombocytopenia
8) Drug-induced thrombocytopenia
9) Hemolytic uremic syndrome
10) Splenomegaly

110
Q

What are the causes of increased PLT ct?

A

1) Essential thrombocytopenia
2) Myeloproliferative neoplasms
3) Acute hemorrhage
4) Rebound thrombocytosis
5) Exercise-induced thrombocytosis
6) Inflammatory diseases
7) Post-splenectomy

111
Q

What are the diff sources of errors (of PLT ct) w/ corresponding resolution?

A

1) Poor sx collection -> follow required # of inversions
2) Inadequate mixing of diluting fluid and blood -> use a pipette shaker to evenly mix the diluting fluid and blood
3) Dirt in the pipette, hemocytometer, cover slip -> wash the pipette and hemocytometer well; use a new cover slip
4) Contaminants in diluting fluid -> filter diluting fluid before using; prepare a new diluting fluid if macroscopic contaminants are seen
5) Blood is not rapidly diluted -> immediately mix the diluting fluid and blood sx
6) PLT satellitosis -> use Na citrate instead of EDTA; multiple PLT ct by 1.1 to correct

Hematology 2 (Laboratory) (10 decks)

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