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Kane Science > Plate tectonics review for May test > Flashcards

Plate tectonics review for May test Flashcards

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1
Q

What tectonic plate is Waterford, CT found on? London, England?

A

Waterford-North American Plate
London- Eurasia

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2
Q

What happens to pressure, temperature, and density as one travels from the crust to the inner core of the Earth.

A

They all increase

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3
Q

Where do most earthquakes occur?

A

Along plate boundaries

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4
Q

Name the 3 types of plate boundaries and give an example of where each one exists.

A

Convergent- australian plate and pacific, transform plate- N.American and Pacific along the san andreas fault. Divergent- N. American and eurasian plate

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5
Q

In 2 million years, what will happen to the distance between Africa and South America?

A

Distance will increase to 2 million inches

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6
Q

Name 3 things that can give us information about earthquakes.

A

seismometer, photographs/video, geologic markers

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7
Q

What is the composition and state of matter in the innner core of the earth

A

Iron and nickel at a very high temperature

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8
Q

What is the composition and state of matter of the inner core of the Earth?

A

The inner core is solid and composed mostly of iron and nickel

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9
Q

What is the composition and state of matter of the outer core of the Earth?

A

It is liquid and completed mostly of iron and nickel

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10
Q

What is the difference between a hypocenter and an epicenter?

A

The hypocenter is where the earthquake occurs and it includes the depth and the epicenter is at the location at the surface of the earth

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11
Q

What is the main thing that scientists study when trying to determine the composition of the Earth below the crust?

A

Earthquake waves

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12
Q

What are some pieces of evidence that can be seen on the surface of a transform fault boundary?

A

Broken fences, damaged roads, geologic markers

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13
Q

What causes an earthquake?

A

Rapid movements of tectonic plates

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14
Q

If all other factors are the same, how do buildings compare when built on loose sediment to solid bedrock?

A

Buildings on loose sediment move more and get more damage

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15
Q

Compare a 7.0 to a 9.0 earthquake on the moment magnitude scale.

A

9.0 is 100x bigger

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16
Q

Where is the lithosphere? What are its characteristics?

A

The solid upper portion of the crust and upper mantle. It goes from the surface to 100km in depth

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17
Q

Where is the asthenosphere? What are its characteristics?

A

The upper part of the mantle that goes 100 - 200 km in depth. It is soft and deformable.

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18
Q

Why is the Earth’s crust solid rock?

A

It’s temperature is cooler than the material below

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19
Q

What is the thickest layer of Earth?

A

The mantle

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20
Q

Name 2 seismologically active areas of the USA and briefly describe why they are active.

A

California - It is on a transform boundary
Aleutian Islands in Alaska - It is on a convergent boundary

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21
Q

What does convection in the asthenosphere cause to happen on the crust?

A

Plate movement/earthquakes

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22
Q

Why is California seismologically active?

A

It is on transform boundary

23
Q

How do we know what type of plate boundary exists on the San Andreas fault?

A

The two plates are moving opposite to each other and we have measured it with GPS, geologic markers, and photos of broken fences/roads, etc.

24
Q

What layer of the Earth do we typically find earthquake hypocenters?

A

The crust

25
Q

Compare the speed of P and S waves.

A

P waves faster, S waves slower

26
Q

How can an earthquake epicenter be determined?

A

You compare the arrival time of P and S waves from 3 different locations, determine the distance, and then find where all three circles intersect

27
Q

What are some factors that can determine how much damage a building will incur as a result of an earthquake?

A

Earthquake magnitude, Distance from epicenter, Earthquake duration, building construction

28
Q

What layer of the earth is entirely contained within the lithosphere?

A

The crust

29
Q

What is the range of thickness of the crust? Why is it not uniform?

A

5 - 100 km, it is thinner along oceanic crust and thicker in mountainous regions

30
Q

When a plate suddenly slips at a fault, how is the energy dissipated?

A

Seismic waves (earthquakes)

31
Q

What type of earthquake wave is a shear wave?

A

S waves

32
Q

What type of earthquake wave is a compressional wave?

A

P waves

33
Q

What are the names of the surface waves generated by earthquakes?

A

Raleigh waves

34
Q

Based on the seismograph data below, which station is the farthest from the epicenter? (This question is related to a diagram, look at the study guide!)

A

Texas because it has the longest time interval between the p and s wave arrival (GO LOOK AT THE STUDY GUIDE!!)

35
Q

Draw a diagram of the layers of the Earth and label them. (Diagram question)

A

This question has a diagram, go look at the diagram he posted

36
Q

What layer of the Earth do S waves not travel through?

A

Outer core

37
Q

Describe the interaction that occurs between plates at a subduction zone.

A

The more dense plate goes under the less dense plates as they converge

38
Q

Why are there so many volcanoes along the ring of fire?

A

They typically form along the subduction zones. (This question has a diagram on the study guide, take a look if you want)

39
Q

What are some indications that a volcano may erupt soon?

A

Earthquakes, steam release, gas release, swelling of the ground

40
Q

How can a volcanic eruption affect the atmosphere?

A

Ash can be released into the atmosphere

41
Q

What determines if a volcano will slowly release lava or have a massive explosion and pyroclastic flow?

A

The amount of gas in it

42
Q

How did the Hawaiian Islands form?

A

It is on a hot spot that Pacific plate has moved over

43
Q

Where are stratovolcanoes usually found?

A

Along subduction zones like the Cascade range in Washington and Oregon

44
Q

What are 2 sources of heat in the Earth’s interior?

A

Heat leftover from the formation of the earth and radioactive decay

45
Q

What type of plate boundary produces the largest earthquakes?

A

Subduction zones/convergent

46
Q

Describe what layer of the Earth convects and what effect this has on the Earth’s tectonic plates.

A

The mantle - it makes plates move

47
Q

Compare the density, age and thickness of continental and oceanic crust.

A

Density - Oceanic is more dense
Thickness - continental is thicker
Age - oceanic is older

48
Q

Name the different types of volcanoes and briefly describe how they form. (Diagram shown, take a look if you want on the study guide)

A

Shield, composite, and cinder cone

shield - the slow flow of fluid lava makes a low, flat volcano ex. Kilauea in Hawaii
composite/stratovolcano - thick/viscous lava builds a tall/ steep sided volcanic mountain ex.
Mt. Hood in Oregon
Cinder cone - lava erupts into the air, solidifies, then lands to form a steep sided cone shaped
volcano. the Lava is usually pretty fluid.

49
Q

How does pumice form?

A

It is when gas and rocks get shot out of a volcano

50
Q

What mineral is found in lava that is explosive?

A

Sulfur

51
Q

How does the distance from a subduction zone impact the depth of an earthquake?

A

The farther from the subduction zone, the deeper the earthquake

52
Q

Compare and contrast the geologic and topographic features that influence the probability of a tsunami event occurring in Waterford, CT and in Miyako, Japan. (FYI -Miyako is on the northeast coast of Japan).

A

Waterford is on the Atlantic ocean which has a divergent boundary that is not likely to produce a tsunami.
Waterford is protected by land - Long Island, Fishers Island, and Block Island. This land will block tsunami waves
Waterford has never had any significant Tsunami events in its history

Miyako - Not protected by any land mass open to the Pacific Ocean
Miyako - Very close to a subduction zone in the Pacific Ocean that has a produced lage tsunami in the past
Miyako - located on the Ring of Fire, which is the most seismically active area of the Earth. There are numerous subduction zones along South America, North America, and Asia that have the potential to produce tsunami.
Miyako has had numerous tsunami events in its history

53
Q

Describe a way that a building can be built to withstand an earthquake. Include a labeled diagram. (Hint: This should be similar to your presentation) (Diagram shown if you wanna take a look)

A

Any way that a building can withstand an earthquake, here is an example: With a controlled rocking system the building can withstand an earthquake because of the metal inside the building. It rocks back and forth stopping the shaking. (THIS DOES NOT A ONE ANSWER QUESTION, THERE CAN BE MULTIPLE ANSWERS BUT THIS IS ONE EXAMPLE)

Kane Science (6 decks)

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