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Geography > Plate Tectonics > Flashcards

Plate Tectonics Flashcards

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1
Q

Evidence of the plate tectonic theory…

A

Geology (mountain ranges match Europe and North America)
Fossil Records (Mesosauraus found in South African and Brazil)
Climatology (coal deposits found in North America and Europe, glacial deposits found in Africa, India, Australia..)
Living Species (Earthworms found in New Zealand, Asia and North America)
Palaeomagnetism

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2
Q

Lithosphere

A

The crust and upper mantle. (100 km thick)

The zone where tectonic plates are formed.

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3
Q

Athenosphere

A

A layer of soft, almost plastic like rock. (150 km thick)

Moves very slowly carrying the lithosphere on top.

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4
Q

Inner core

A

Solid ball containing lots of iron and nickel.

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5
Q

Outer core

A

Semi-molten and also contains lots of iron and nickel.

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6
Q

Continental crust

A

30-70 km thick

less dense

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7
Q

Oceanic crust

A

6-10 km thick

more dense

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8
Q

Who thought either side of the Atlantic ‘fitted together’?

A

Francis Bacon

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9
Q

Who proposed the theory of continental drift?

A

Alfred Wegener

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10
Q

What year was continental drift proposed?

A

1912

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11
Q

Name of the once supercontinent?

A

Pangea

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12
Q

Land forms at a constructive plate margin

A

Mid-ocean ridge

Rift valley

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13
Q

Land forms at destructive plate margin

A

Oceanic-Continental: ocean trench, volcanic arc, fold mountains
Oceanic-Oceanic: ocean trench, island arcs, volcanoes
Continental-Continental: fold mountains (no volcanoes)

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14
Q

Land forms at conservative plate margin

A

Low ridges and shallow focus earthquakes

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15
Q

Example of a hot spot

A

Hawaiian Islands

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16
Q

Types of volcanoes

A

Dome volcano, Shield volcano, Composite cone and Caldera

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17
Q

Balsatic lava

A

Along mid-ocean ridges
Over hotspots
Alongside rift valleys
CONSTRUCTIVE

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18
Q

Adesitic lava

A

Island arcs

DESTRUCTIVE

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19
Q

Rhyolitic lava

A

DESTRUCTIVE

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20
Q

Primary effects of eruption

A

Volcanic gases
Lava flows
Tephra (rock fragments and particles ejected by a volcanic eruption)
Pyroclastic flows

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21
Q

Secondary effects of eruption

A 
Climate change
Flooding
Lahars (a destructive mudflow on the slopes of a volcano)
Tsunamis
Volcanic landslides
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22
Q

Minor forms of extrusive activity

A

Geysers
Fumaroles
Hot springs/ boiling mud

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23
Q

Intrusive land forms

A

Dykes
Sills
Laccoliths
Batholiths

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24
Q

Other possible causes of earthquakes

A

Reactivation of old fault lines
Subsidence as a result of deep mining
Pressure on surface rocks from water in large reservoirs

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25
Q

Focus

A

the point within the crust where the pressure release occurs

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26
Q

Epicentre

A

is directly above the focus on the surface of the ground

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27
Q

Seismic waves that travel through the interior of the Earth

A

P (primary) waves

S (secondary waves

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28
Q

The two types of surface waves

A

Love waves

Rayleigh waves

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29
Q

Primary waves

A

fastest wave
moves through solid rock and fluids
5000 meters per second through granite

30
Q

Secondary waves

A

only moves through solid rock

half as fast

31
Q

Love waves

A 
travel on Earth's surface
most destructive
slowest wave
travel globally
only travels through solids
32
Q

Rayleigh waves

A

rolls over the ground like waves does over ocean
most shaking is due to this wave
travels through liquids and solids

33
Q

Richter scale

A

measure magnitude
it is logarithmic- each value is 10 times greater than previous value
1-9+

34
Q

Mercalli scale

A

measures the impact
using observations
1-12

35
Q

Characteristics of a tsunami

A 
Wave height is low (under 1 m)
Reaching shore it rises (over 25 m)
Wavelength is very long (100-1000km)
Travel very quickly (640- 960 kmph)
Series of waves
Wave period is long (10- 60 minutes)
36
Q

Predicting when and where of an earthquake

A

currently impossible to predict when but strange animal behaviour and small tremors, cracks can suggest
Earthquake warning system can detect P waves
Possible to predict where future earthquakes may happen using data from past earthquakes

37
Q

Protecting people from earthquakes

A

Buildings can be designed to withstand earthquakes e.g. reinforce concrete
Construction laws have become stricter

38
Q

Planning for an earthquake

A

Educating people about what to do and how to evacuate

Training emergency services

39
Q

Predicting when and where a volcano eruption

A

Possible to predict as change in shape and small tremors can mean eruption is likely
Can not predict exact date

40
Q

Protecting people in volcanic eruption

A

Buildings can be strengthened so less likely to collapse due to weight of ash
Divert the lava flow using a barrier

41
Q

Planning people for a volcanic eruption

A

Future developments can be planned to avoid areas at most risk

42
Q

Predicting where and when a tsunami hits

A

Tsunami warning systems rely on earthquake detection systems

Tsunami warning centres around the world

43
Q

Protecting people from tsunamis

A

Buildings designed with raised and open foundations and made strong
Tsunami walls

44
Q

Planning for a tsunami

A

Training emergency services
Governments plan evacuation routes
Educating people on what to do and how to evacuate

45
Q

Factors that increase the severity of the impacts of a volcano…

A

Development of a country
Population
Timing

46
Q

Deaths in L’Aquila earthquake

A

300

47
Q

Deaths in Port au Prince earthquake

A

Between 230,000 and 250,000

48
Q

How many homeless in L’Aquila

A

70,000

49
Q

How many homeless in Haiti

A

1.5 million

50
Q

Responses in L’Aquila

A

12,000 rescue and support workers
Mortgage payments and gas and electricity bills suspended
Bye end of 3009, 4500 new buildings built

51
Q

Date of L’Aquila

A

6th April, 2009

52
Q

Date of Haiti

A

12th January, 2010

53
Q

Responses to Haiti

A

810,000 placed in aid camps
16,000 UN troops to restore law and order
$100 million by USA

54
Q

Magnitude of L’Aquila

A

6.3

55
Q

Magnitude of Haiti

A

7

56
Q

Number of countries affected by Indonesia

A

14

57
Q

Number of deaths of Indonesia

A

230,000

58
Q

Number of deaths for Japan

A

25,000

59
Q

Height of Indonesia

A

39m

60
Q

Height of Japan

A

24m

61
Q

Damage to which Japan nuclear plant

A

Fukushima

62
Q

Date of Montserrat

A

25th June,1997

63
Q

Date of mt St. Helens

A

18th may, 1980

64
Q

Number of deaths of Montserrat

A

19

65
Q

Number of deaths at mt St. Helens

A

56

66
Q

Cost of damage at Montserrat

A

£1 b

67
Q

Cost of damage at mt St. Helens

A

$1.1 b

68
Q

Reptile form in Africa and South America

A

Mesosaurus

69
Q

Fossil plant found in all continents

A

Glossopteris

70
Q

Name of Rift Valley

A

East African Rift Valley

71
Q

Date wegener published his theory

A

1912

Geography (4 decks)

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