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Geology 201 > Plate Techtonics > Flashcards

Plate Techtonics Flashcards

1
Q

Order of Earths Interior

A

Crust - Mantle - Outer Core - Inner Core

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2
Q

Deepest Point

A
  • Kola Superdeep Borehole
  • 12 km deep
    Mariana Trench (10.9 km)
  • 0.002% of way to middle of the Earth
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3
Q

Seismic Wave

A
  • conduced through the Earth
  • how earthquake waves are measured
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4
Q

P Waves

A
  • pressure waves
  • expansions and compressions on flat ground
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5
Q

S Waves

A
  • sheer wave (snake)
  • cannot travel through liquids (outer core)
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6
Q

Changes in Desities

A
  • deflect waves
  • change velocity of waves
  • travel paths change direction at boundaries between layer
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7
Q

Crust

A
  • mostly silicon, oxygen, aluminum
  • stiff and solid
  • continental (20-80km, low density, lighter) and oceanic (5-10km, mostly Fe and Mg, higher density)
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8
Q

Mantle

A
  • uppermost mantle - stiff
  • aesthenosphere - soft, can flow
  • mesosphere - stiffer than atmosphere, but can still flow
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9
Q

Composition of Whole Earth

A
  • mostly silicon, oxygen, iron, and magnesium
  • know through seismic data, volcanic matter, and samples of meteorites
  • greater mass = greater gravitational pull
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10
Q

Formation of the Earth

A
  • heating from bombardment
  • gravitational compression
  • radioactive decay produced melt
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11
Q

Compositional Layers

A
  • differentiate by chemical composition, not behaviour
  • continental crust (10-70km), oceanic crust, (5-7km), mantle, core
  • Si, O exist in less dense composition (core)
  • Fe, Mg, Ni exist in more dense composition (still exist in crust, more in core)
  • Pressure, Temperature and Density increase proportionally with depth (leads to differences in mechanical behaviour and phase)
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12
Q

Mechanical Layers

A
  • how rocks behave in response to stress
  • lithosphere (10-200km), mesosphere, outer core, inner core
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13
Q

Lithosphere

A
  • solid and stiff
  • uppermost crust and mantle
  • moves during plate tectonics
  • 10-200 km
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14
Q

Plate Boundaries

A
  • named based on the relative motion of the plates on either side of the boundary
  • volcanoes and earthquake location linked to plate boundaries
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15
Q

Divergent Boundary

A
  • plates move away from each other
  • mostly in sea floor (seafloor spreading)
  • older rocks are further from ridge
  • volcanoes
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16
Q

Seafloor Spreading

A
  • creating new rock (magma comes up)
  • produces continuous row of volcanoes called mid ocean ridge that wraps around world
  • earthquakes and volcanoes occur (gases, heat, hot springs, acidic water)
17
Q

Convergent Boundary

A
  • plates move towards each other
  • ocean-continent convergent boundary creates mountains or subduction zone (oceanic trench, accretionary prism). Oceanic crust gets subducted getting deeper into mantle because more dense
18
Q

Ocean-Continent Convergent Boundary

A
  • ocean-continent convergent boundary creates mountains or subduction zone (oceanic trench, accretionary prism).
  • Oceanic crust gets subducted getting deeper into mantle because more dense
19
Q

Ocean-Ocean Convergent Boundary

A
  • older, colder, denser plate subducts
  • rock cooling, more dense
  • Japan, Bali, Southeast Asia, Allusion Islands
  • creates island arc of volcanoes
20
Q

Continent-Continent Convergent Boundary

A
  • modern india, Tibet
  • mountain range under the ground (mirrored)
  • produces very large mountains (Everest, Himilayans)
21
Q

Transform Boundary

A
  • side to side movement
  • no crust created or destroyed
  • commonly associated with spreading centres (divergent boundaries)
  • plates going the same direction = inactive zone
  • connect spreading ridges
  • San Andreas fault
    Can connect spreading ridges to subduction zone (Q. Charlotte fault) or connect two plates going the same direction at different rates (Nootka fault)
22
Q

Convection

A
  • causes plate movement
  • cool water sinks (becomes more dense) while warm water rises (becomes less dense)
23
Q

Heat

A
  • the source of power for plate movement
  • heat transferred through the mantle via convection
24
Q

Plate Movement

A
  • heat
  • convection
  • weak aethenosphere so the lithosphere can slip over it
  • oceanic plates are more dense and go under continental plates

Geology 201 (3 decks)

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