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Plate boundaries and their landforms&features > Plate boundaries and their landforms&features > Flashcards

Plate boundaries and their landforms&features Flashcards

1
Q

Divergent plate boundary

A
  • formed when 2 plates move apart from each other (tensional/pulling force)
  • move apart, leave a gap, magma rise from mantle, form new lithosphere on surface
  • constructive plate boundary (new land is formed)
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2
Q

OP-OP Divergence (what landforms/features are found)

3 pts

A
  1. New Sea Floor
  2. Mid-Oceanic Ridge
  3. Submarine/Undersea volcanoes
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3
Q

New Sea Floor (OP-OP- Divergence)

A
  • plates move apart, tensional forces create fractures at plate boundary
  • magma rises from mantle to fill gap
  • magma cools and solidifies, forming new sea floors which extend the current ones
  • process known as sea-floor spreading
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4
Q

Mid-Oceanic Ridge (OP-OP Divergence)

A
  • when more magma piles up and solidifies, form a chain of mountains on either sides of spreading zones
  • plates continue to diverge, mountains move away from spreading zone, new ones formed
  • rows and rows of mountains (rising 2000-4000m from ocean floor) called mid-oceanic ridge
  • e.g. Mid-Atlantic Ridge
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5
Q

Submarine/Undersea volcanoes

A
  • when 2 plates diverge, gap is formed
  • magma rises from mantle to fill gap
  • piles around a vent in successive layers to form volcanoes (also known as undersea/submarine volcanoes)
  • some of them rise above sea-level to form volcanic islands
  • e.g. Surtsey (an island south of Iceland, lies along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, very active)
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6
Q

CP-CP Divergence (landforms/features found)

3 pts

A
  1. Rift valley
  2. New Sea
  3. Volcano (very rarely)
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7
Q

Rift valley (CP-CP divergence)

A
  • as CPs move apart, stretched, cause fractures to form at the boundary
  • land in between CPs sink as a result of the divergent movement
  • linear depression formed is called a rift valley
  • e.g. East African Rift Valley
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8
Q

New Sea (CP-CP divergence)

A
  • overtime, the gap left behind at the divergent boundary between continent may be filled with water to form a water body e.g. sea
  • formation of sea bed pushes landmasses apart
  • spreading continue, sea grows wider
  • e.g. Red Sea (formed due to divergence of African and Arabian Plate)
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9
Q

Volcano (CP-CP divergence)

A
  • CP move apart, stretched, fractures at boundary
  • magma rises thru fractures from mantle, reach surface thru the vent
  • on earth surface, magma known as lava
  • hot and liquid lava piles around vent in successive layers to form a volcano
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10
Q

Convergent Plate Boundary

A
  • formed when two plates converge or collide
  • at this boundary, the denser plate will sink/be forced under the the less dense one into the mantle
  • process in called subduction and it takes place at the subduction zone
  • as sinking crust moves into mantle, the crust melts under intense heat and pressure
  • destructive boundary since crusts are being destroyed in the process
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11
Q

Landforms/features found between OP-OP convergence

2 pts

A
  1. Oceanic Trench

2. Undersea Volcanoes and volcanic islands

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12
Q

Oceanic trench (OP-OP convergence)

A
  • when 2 OCs collide, the denser one is forced to sink under the less dense one at the subduction zone
  • this forms a long deep depression in the ocean floor (oceanic trench)
  • e.g. Mariana Trench (abt 11km deep)
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13
Q

Undersea volcanoes and volcanic islands (OP-OP convergence)

A
  • when two OCs collide or converge, the denser (and older) one will sink/ be forced under the less denser one and into the mantle
  • the sinking crust will melt under the intense heat and pressure into magma
  • magma will then rise thru the cracks of the oceanic crust, pour onto oceanic floor, forming undersea volcanoes
  • overtime, they will build up and appear above sea level, forming volcanic islands
  • density of the crust is determined by age of crust, older which is located further from centre of spreading will be denser
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14
Q

Landform found between CP-CP convergence

A

Fold mountains

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15
Q

Fold mountains (CP-CP convergence)

A
  • when 2 continental plates collide, the rocks layers along the boundary are compressed
  • causes the rock strata/layers to buckle and fold (Anticline and syncline)
  • process called folding
  • compression continues, layers of sediments are uplifted/pushed upwards to from fold mountains
  • e.g. the Himalayas formed between Indian and Eurasian Plate
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16
Q

Old Vs New fold mt (location and age)

A

O:
-located far away from current plate boundaries
-formed 200-400 million years ago when Pangaea broke up and continents drifted apart
N:
-located along current plate boundaries
-formed abt 100 mil years ago

17
Q

Old vs New fold mt (shape)

A 
O: 
-lower, rounder
-e.g. mountains in Greenland formed abt 400 mil years ago, have smoother and rounder contours 
-from active erosion and weathering 
N: 
-higher
18
Q

Fold mountains example: Himalayas Mountain Range

A
  • believed that there was once a large area of sediment that separated Asia and India
  • when Eurasian and Indo-Australian move towards each other, the Asian and Indian continental land masses collided
  • the sediment between the 2 land masses buckled and folded
  • immense folding and uplifting of layers of sediment resulted in the formation of the Himalayan mountains
19
Q

Landforms/features found between OP-CP convergence

A
  1. Oceanic trench
  2. Fold mountains
  3. Volcanoes
20
Q

Oceanic trench (OP-CP convergence)

A
  • when an OP collides with a CP, the denser OP is forced to sink into the less dense continental crust
  • this will form a long, deep depression in ocean floor known as an oceanic trench
    e. g. Australian Plate (O) and Eurasian Plate (C) collide to form the Sunda Trench
21
Q

Fold mountains (OP-CP convergence)

A
  • when the 2 plates cllide, causes rock layer along the boundaries to be compressed
  • causes rock strata to buckle and fold (process known as folding)
  • as compression continues, layers of sediments are uplifted to form fold mountains
  • e.g. collision of Oceanic Nazca Plate into the Continental South America
22
Q

Volcanoes (OP-CP convergence)

A
  • OP collide with CP, OP forced to sink under CP and into mantle
  • melt into magma under intense heat and pressure
  • magma rises thru fractures and onto earth’s surface
  • piles around vent in successive layers and eruptions to form volcano
23
Q

Conservative/Transform Plate Boundary

A
  • formed when 2 plates slide past one another
  • results in formation of a transform fault
  • fault is a break in Earth’s crust caused by movement of rock
  • e.g. San Andreas Fault
  • no land is destroyed or created along these boundaries, instead earthquakes occur
24
Q

Earthquakes

A
  • as tectonic plates move, exert friction on one another, cause pressure to build up at the boundaries
  • pressure gradually builds up in the plates, energy stored in earth’s crust
  • when rocks can no longer maintain pressure, energy is released in form of seismic waves
  • energy radiates out thru the crust and onto earth;s surface

Plate boundaries and their landforms&features (8 decks)

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