Plasmodium and Babesia Flashcards
Life cycle: definitive host - female Anopheline (Anopheles) mosquito - gametocytes, gametes, ookinete, oocysts, sporozoites. intermediate hosts- humans - sporozoites, merozoites; liver. hypnozoites - resting stage in liver. trophozoites, schizonts, gametocytes
Route of infection: mosquito, transfusions, needles, congenital
Plasmodium species
Only can occur in P. vivax and P. ovale; organisms in liver, not in RBCs, and can increase in numbers in blood again.
Relapse
The Plasmodium parasite is not eliminated from RBCs completely by immune system or therapy and the parasite can increase in numbers in blood again
Recrudescence
Relative immunity to sever infection by a particular pathogen as a result of a chronic low-grade infection by the pathogen
Premunition
Geography: tropics
Morphology: EARLY TROPHS: 1/3 Red cell. Very delicate ring shape. Chromatin has fine dots (frequently 2). Frequent accole forms. No pigment. DEVELOP. TROPHS: small size and compact shape. inconspicuous vacuole. chromatin has dots or threads. coarse, black pigment and texture. medium quantity. aggregated distribution. Maurer’s dots. MATURE SCHIZONTS: nearly fills the red cell. segmented shape. 8-32 merozoites. small size. aggregated in center, black pigment. MICROGAMETOCYTES: appears in 7-12 days. many in blood stream. larger than red blood cell. kidney shaped, bluntly round ends. reddish blue cytoplasm. chromatin has fine granules, scattered throughout. pigment has dark granules throughout. MACROGAMETOCYTES: appears in 7-12 days. many in blood stream. larger than red cell. crescentic shape-sharply round or pointed ends. dark blue cytoplasm. chromatin has compact masses near center. Pigment has black granules and a round nucleus
Pathology: malignant tertian- paroxysms. cerebral malaria- coma, death; anemia. black water fever - hemolysis (RBC’s lysing) seen in urine
Plasmodium falciparum
Geography: tropics, subtropics, and temperate
Morphology: EARLY TROPHS: 1/3 red cell, delicate ring shape, fine dot (sometimes 2) chromatin, sometimes accuse forms, no pigment. DEVELOPING TROPHS: large size, very irregular shape, prominent vacuole, chromatin has dots or threads, fine pigment texture, yellow brown color, medium quantity, scattered fine distribution, Schuffner’s dots. SCHIZONTS: fills red cell, segmented shape, 14-24 merozoites, medium size, pigment is aggregated in centre (yellow brown). MICROGAMETOCYTES: appears in 3-5 days, many in blood, fills enlarged red cell, round or oval compact shape, pale blue cytoplasm, fibrils in skein with surrounding unstained area (chromatin), abundant brown pigment with granules throughout. MACRO GAMETOCYTES: appear in 3-5 days, many in blood stream, fills enlarged red cell, round or oval compact shape, dark blue cytoplasm, chromatin has compact peripheral masses, pigment has small masses with round periphery.
Pathology: begin tertian, quartan, benign tertian. may present first with headache, photophobia, muscle aches, anorexia, nausea, sometimes vomiting. paroxysms - chills, shivering - fever, sweats. merozoites released and proceed the fever
Plasmodium vivax
Geography: sporadic
Morphology: EARLY TROPHS: up to 1/2, compact ring shape, chromatin has one mass often inside ring, no accole forms, pigment may be present. DEVELP. TROPHS: small size, compact shape (often band forms), inconspicuous vacuole, chromatin has dots or threads, coarse pigment texture, dark brown color, abundant quantity, scattered clumps distribution, Hemozoin pigment. SCHIZONTS: nearly fills red cell, segmented daisy head shape, 6-12 merozoites, large size, pigment is aggregated in center (dark brown). MICROGAMETOCYTES: appears in 7-14 days, scanty number in blood stream, smaller than red cell, round compact shape, pale blue cytoplasm, chromatin is same as P. vivax, pigment is same as P. vivax. MACROGAMETOCYTES: appears in 7-14 days, scanty number in blood stream, smaller than red cell, round compact shape, dark blue cytoplasm, chromatin is same as P. vivax, pigment is same as P. vivax.
Pathology: benign tertian, quartan, benign tertian. may present first with headache, photophobia, muscle aches, anorexia, nausea, sometimes vomiting. paroxysms - chills, shivering - fever, sweats. merozoites released and produce the fever.
Plasmodium malariae
Geography: Central West Africa, S. Pacific
Morphology: EARLY TROPH: 1/3 red cell, dense ring shape, chromatin is dense with well defined mass, no accole forms, no pigment. DEVELOP. TROPHS: small size, compact shape, inconspicuous vacuole, chromatin has large regular clumps, coarse pigment texture, dark yellow brown color, medium quantity, scattered coarse distribution, Schuffner’s dots. SCHIZONTS: fills 3/4 of red cell segmented shape, 6-12 merozoites, large size, pigment is aggregated in center (dark yellow brown). MICROGAMETOCYTES: appears 12-14 days, scanty number in blood stream, size of red cell, round compact shape, pale blue cytoplasm, chromatin same as P. vivax, pigment same as P. vivax. MACROGAMETOCYTES: appears 12-14 days, scanty number in blood stream, size of red cell, round compact shape, dark blue cytoplasm, chromatin same as P. vivax, pigment same as P. vivax.
Pathology: benign tertian, quartan, benign tertian. may present first with headache photophobia, muscle aches, anorexia, nausea, sometimes vomiting. paroxysms - chills, shivering - fever, sweats. merozoites released and produce the fever
Plasmodium ovale
Geography: Malaysia, SE Asia
Morphology: Resembles P. malariae
Pathology: respiratory distress, acute renal or multi-organ failure, to shock
Plasmodium knowlesi
Specimen sample: thick/thin blood films (Thick: screening; thin blood smears: species ID), thick; Giemsa stain/ Thin; Wright- Giemsa. to see malarial pigment; stain thin smear longer with Giemsa.
Lab tests: Fluorescent DNA-RNA stains. QBC microhematocrit centrifugation. Centrifuge 50-11 mcm capillary or venous blood 5 min. in a QBC centrifuge. Tubes preheated with acridine orange provide a stain that induces fluorescence in the parasites. Flow cytometry. Benzothiocarboxypurine florescent dyes. Molecular methods: DNA-RNA, PCR, Realptime PCR. Antigen detection, serology tests, immunochromatographic methods
Plasmodium species
Life cycle: Tick takes a blood meal. Trophozoites transform into merozoites then to gametes. Tick takes another blood meal and sporozoites enter host.
Route of infection: Vector of B. microti: Ixodes scpularis. Blood transfusions
Geography: WW, where there are black-legged ticks; East Coast to Minnesota, Texas, WA1- Washington State, CA1 - California, MO1 - Missouri
Specimen samples: blood sample
Morphology: only ring-like forms seen and can see up to 4 rings, and can be seen outside RBCs; no stippling, no schizonts, an no gametocytes seen. 4 ring-like forms.
Lab test: thick and thin blood films; serologic studies
Pathology: paroxysms - fever and chills
Babes microti, B. divergens
