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PARA > PLASMODIUM > Flashcards

PLASMODIUM Flashcards

1
Q

-Early Trophozoites
-as the name implies, refers to a ring like appearance of the malarial parasite following invasion into a previously healthy RBC

A

RING FORMS

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2
Q

Space inside the ring is known as _________

A

vacuole

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3
Q

-remnants of the cytoplasmic circle and chromatin dot are still intact until late development
-the parasite is actively growing during this stage, the amount of RBC space invaded is significantly more than that of the ring form

A

DEVELOPING/GROWING TROPHOZOITES

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4
Q

-Active chromatin replication is seen
-expands and occupies more space within the RBC

A

IMMATURE/PRESEGMENTING SCHIZONTS

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5
Q

EMERGENCE OF THE FULLY DEVELOPED STAGE OF THE ASEXUAL SPOROZOA TROPHOZOITE

A

MATURE SCHIZONTS-MEROZOITES

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6
Q

-typical microgametocyte is roundish in shape
large diffuse chromatin mass that stains pink to purple and is surrounded by a colorless to pale halo
-pigment is usually visible

A

MICROGAMETOCYTES

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7
Q

-round to oval
-pigment is also present, and its color and distribution in this morphologic form vary by individual plasmodium species.

A

MACROGAMETOCYTES

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8
Q

-It is most prevalent in the tropics and subtropics
-It causes the most severe form of malaria
-It still remains almost unchallenged as the greatest killer of the human race over most parts of Africa and elsewhere in the tropics

A

PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM

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9
Q

NAME THE SIX DISEASES OF PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM

A
  1. MALIGNANT MALARIA
  2. AESTIVO-AUTUMNAL
  3. FALCIPARUM MALARIA
  4. SUBTERTIAN MALARIA
  5. PERNICOUS MALARIA
  6. BLACK WATER FEVER MALARIA
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10
Q

what dots is seen in plasmodium falciparum

A

MAURER’S DOTS

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11
Q

-most widespread, found in most endemic areas including some temperate zones
-it is ore common in temperate than in tropical region
-It is the second common malaria in the philippines

A

PLASMODIUM VIVAX

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12
Q

what disease have plasmodium vivax?

A

vivax malaria or benign tertian malaria

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13
Q

what dots is present in plasmodium vivax

A

SCHUFFNER’S DOTS

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14
Q

-Similar range as P. falciparum, but less common and patchy distribution
-Common in tropical Africa, Burma, Sri lanka, India, Malaysia and Indonesia
-It is occasionally seen in the Philippines

A

PLASMODIUM MALARIAE

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15
Q

WHAT DOTS ARE RARELY SEEN IN PLASMODIUM MALARIAE

A

ZIEMANN’S DOTS

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16
Q

WHAT DISEASE ARE PRESENT IN PLASMODIUM MALARIAE

A

MALARIAE OR QUARTAN MALARIA

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17
Q

-It is the least common plasmodium infecting man
-it occurs mostly in tropical africa, principally on the west coast and is endemic in ethiopia

A

PLASMODIUM OVALE

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18
Q

what disease are present in plasmodium ovale

A

ovale malaria and benign tertian malaria

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19
Q

what dots are present in plasmodium ovale that present in all stages except early ring forms

A

schuffner’s dots

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20
Q

PHASE: 4-15 days after ingestion of gametocyte
female anopheles mosquito takes a blood meal containing gametocytes from infected person

A

INVERTEBRATE PHASE

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21
Q

Nuclear division and exflagellation

A

microgametocytes-male

22
Q

shifting of nucleus to the surface to form a projection

A

macrogametocytes-female

23
Q

Phase: mosquito injects sporozoites to man
sporozoites disappear from the blood

A

VERTEBRATE PHASE

24
Q

Insect Vectors in the PH: primary vector in the PH, night biter, breeds in slow-flowing clean water mountain streams

A

Anopheles flavirostris

25
Q

Insect Vectors in the PH: rest either indoors or outdoors, in puddles, pools, ponds, and in shades.

A

Anopheles balabacensis

26
Q

Insect Vectors in the PH: rest either indoors or outdoors, in pools, ponds, lakes, and in ricefields

A

Anopheles lesteri

27
Q

Insect Vectors in the PH: rest either indoors or outdoors, in pools ponds or lakes

A

Anopheles philippinensis

28
Q

Insect Vectors in the PH: rest out of doors, in pools, ponds, lakes, running streams and canals in shades

A

Anopheles umbrosus

29
Q

Insect Vectors in the PH: vector of plasmodium knowlesi, typically found in forest areas in south east asia but with a greater clearing of forest areas for farmland

A

Anopheles leucosphyrus

30
Q

characterized by acute febrile attacks

A

malaria paroxysms

31
Q

-Periodicity varies according to species
-Depends on the length of the asexual cycle

A

Malarial Paroxysms

32
Q

only ____________ and _______________ appear in the peripheral blood

A

ring forms and gametocytes

33
Q

-more pronounced in P. falciparum
-hemolytic, normochromic, normocytic anemia
-decrease oxygen carrying capacity leading to anoxia

A

ANEMIA

34
Q

-caused by an increase in splenic activity
-parasitized red cells pass through the spleen, loss their deformability, thus destroyed in the process
- normal RBC’s are destroyed due to increase activity of macrophages

A

SPLENOMEGALY

35
Q

seen in plasmodium malariae infection
deposition of antigen-antibody complexes causes thickening of the capillaru walls of the basement membrane

A

NEPHROTIC SYNDROME

36
Q

-Syndrome of acute intravascular hemolysis, accompanied b y hemoglobinemia and hemoglobinuria
- Abrupt onset, passage of dark red or almost black urine, vomiting of bile stained fluid, jaundice

A

BLACKWATER FEVER

37
Q

-Most serious hematologic complication
-Activation of the clotting system resulting to thrombin generation and intravascular coagulation

A

DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION (DIC)

38
Q

Prostration: first probable symptoms, a condition characterized by confusion or drowsiness with extreme weakness

A

SEVERE FALCIPARUM MALARIA

39
Q

-Present in P. ovale and P. vivax
-Activation of hypnozoites (liver stages) resulting to renewal of malarial infection

A

RELAPSE

40
Q

-Renewal of parasitemia or clinical features arising from persistent undetectable asexual parasitemia in the absence of an exo-erythrocytic cycle

A

RECRUDESCENCE

41
Q

smear: screening for positivity and parasite count

A

thick film

42
Q

smear: species identification

A

thin film

43
Q

repeat smears every _________________ if negative

A

12 to 48 hours

44
Q

Malaria parasites take up the stain and appear ____________________________ under a fluorescent microscope

A

bright green and yellow

45
Q

malaria control:
insecticide treated bed nets (ITN)
repellants, protective clothing
screens, house spraying

A

Reduce human mosquito contact

46
Q

malaria control:
environmental modification
larvacides/insecticides
biological control

A

reduce vector

47
Q

malaria control: diagnosis and treatment
chemoprophylaxis

A

reduce parasite reservoir

48
Q

drug resistance with P. falciparum

A

Chloroquine

49
Q

a primate malaria parasite commonly found in southeast asia

A

PLASMODIUM KNOWLESI

50
Q

THE FIFTH MAJOR HUMAN MALARIA PARASITE

A

PLASMODIUM KNOWLESI

51
Q

In developing schizonts of P. knowlesi _________ and _______________ stippling may be observed

A

Sinton and Mulligan

PARA (4 decks)

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