Plasma Proteins Flashcards
1
Q
All plasma proteins are synthesized in the ………… except ……………
A
Liver, immunoglobulins
2
Q
General characteristic of plasma proteins
A
They are synthesized in the liver except immunoglobulins
Almost all plasma proteins are glycoproteins
Many plasma proteins exhibit polymorphism such as alpha antitrypsin, transferrin, haptoglobin
Each plasma protein has a characteristic half-life in the circulation
Acute phase proteins (APP)
3
Q
What is polymorphism
A
Variation in the position of amino acid in a plasma protein
4
Q
Give some examples of plasma proteins which exhibit polymorphism
A
Alpha antitrypsin
Haptoglobin
Transferrin
5
Q
What is a positive acute phase protein
A
A protein whose concentration increase in inflammation. There are positive and negative acute phase proteins
6
Q
All antibodies are …….. globulins
A
Gamma
7
Q
In an electrophoresis pattern, how are chronic infections depicted
A
Gamma globulins are increased
8
Q
In an electrophoresis pattern, how is multiple myeloma depicted
A
Albumin is increased
M band is displayed
Gamma globulin is increased (not as much as albumin)
9
Q
In an electrophoresis pattern, how is primary immune deficiency depicted
A
Gamma globulin fraction is reduced
10
Q
In an electrophoresis pattern, how is nephrotic syndrome depicted
A
All proteins except very big molecules are lost through urine and alpha 2 fraction will be very prominent
11
Q
In an electrophoresis pattern, how is cirrhosis of the liver depicted
A
Albumin synthesis by the liver is decreased with a complementary excess synthesis by globulins by the reticuloendothelial system
12
Q
In an electrophoresis pattern, how is chronic lymphatic leukemia depicted
A
Gamma globulin fraction is reduced
13
Q
What is the main function of plasma proteins
A
Transport
14
Q
What is the chief transport officer of the body
A
Albumin
15
Q
What are some functions of plasma proteins
A
Transport
Osmotic regulation
Catalytic functions (enzymes)
Protective functions
Blood clotting (fibrinogen)
Anticoagulant activity (thrombolysis)
Buffering capacity
16
Q
Which plasma protein migrates the least because of its weight
A
Globulins
17
Q
What kind of protein is the globulin
A
Glycoprotein
18
Q
What are the subclassifications of alpha globulin
A
Alpha 1 and 2 globulins
19
Q
Give some examples of alpha 1 globulin
A
Alpha 1 antitrypsin
Orosomucoid (alpha 1 acid glycoprotein)
Alpha fetoprotein
20
Q
What are other names of alpha 1 antitrypsin
A
Alpha 1 Antiproteinase
21
Q
What is the major constituent of alpha 1 globulin fraction of plasma protein
A
Alpha antitrypsin
22
Q
What kind of protease inhibitor is alpha 1 antitrypsin
A
Serine protease inhibitor
23
Q
How many kDa is alpha 1 antitrypsin
A
52kDa
24
Q
Alpha 1 antitrypsin combines with which proteins to inhibit them
A
Trypsin
Elastase
Other proteases
25
Ordinarily trypsin is supposed to be found in the …………. …………….is responsible for mopping it up when it gets to other parts of the body
GIT, Alpha 1 antitrypsin
26
Trypsin upon getting to your lungs due to lack of antitrypsin could cause ………….
Emphysema
27
Alpha 1 antitrypsin is made of how many amino acids
394 aa
28
What amino acid occupies the 358 position in alpha 1 antitrypsin
Methionine
29
Smoking can cause oxidation of methionine to methionine sulfoxide which inactivates alpha 1 antitrypsin
True or false
True
30
PiZZ is the worst polymorphism which leads to no production of alpha 1 antitrypsin
True of false
True
31
Which alpha globulin is the most polymorphic
Alpha 1 antitrypsin
32
Reduced inhibitory activity
Those between PiMM and PiZZ
33
Which alpha globulin is a marker of acute inflammation
Alpha 1 glycoprotein (Orosomucoid acid)
34
Which alpha globulin is a marker for determining the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma or teratoblastomas
Alpha fetoprotein
35
Which alpha globulin increases during pregnancy
Alpha 1 fetoprotein
36
What are some clinically important alpha 2 globulins
Haptoglobin
Ceruloplasmin
Alpha 2 MG
37
How many kDa has haptoglobin
90 kDa
38
Haptoglobin and hemopexin look alike but are not the same
True or false
True
39
What are some characteristics of haptoglobin
Binds to free Hb to form a Hp-Hb complex
Low leveled of Hp can diasgnose hemolytic anaemia
Increases in inflammation (positive APP)
40
What are some characteristics of ceruloplasmin
160 kDa
Glycoprotein with enzymatic properties
Low level of cerulosplasmin is associated with Wilson’s disease
41
Low level of cerulosplasmin is associated with
Wilson’s disease
42
What is the first treatment for Wilson’s disease
Penicillamine
43
What is the major component of alpha 2 globulins
Alpha 2 macroglobulin
44
Which globulin has its levels increased in nephrotic syndrome because of its size
Alpha 2 MG
45
List some examples of beta globulins
Transferrin
CRP
Haemopexin
Complement C1q
Beta lipoprotein (LDL)
46
Transferrin has enzymes which reduces Iron 3 to Iron 2 in order to pass through DMT
True or false
True
47
What is apotransferin
A transferin that does not carry any iron
48
When iron binds to a an Apo-Tf receptor, it becomes
Holo-Tf
49
How many grams of iron does the body generate a day
25g
50
In which condition do we see increased levels of transferrin
Iron deficiency anaemia
51
Decreased levels of transferrin are seen in which conditions
Protein energy malnutrition
Cirrhosis of the liver
Trauma
Nephrotic syndrome
Acute myocardial infarction
Malignancies
Wasting diseases
52
What are the constituents of plasma
Water
Electrolytes
Metabolites
Nutrients
Proteins
Hormones
53
Give two forms of proteins found in the plasma
Glycoproteins
Lipoproteins
54
What is the concentration of total protein in plasma
60-80 g/L
55
What is plasma
The liquid cell-free part of blood that has been treated with anticoagulants
56
What is serum
The liquid part of the blood after coagulation therefore devoid of clotting factors such as fibrinogen
57
What are the types of proteins in plasma upon electrophoresis
Albumin
Globulins
Fibrinogen
58
What are the three main types of globulins
Alpha globulin
Beta globulin
Gamma globulin
59
Plasma proteins can be divided into
Simple proteins and conjugated proteins
60
Mention some plasma proteins which undergo polymorphism
Haptoglobin
Alpha 1 antitrypsin
Transferrin
61
What are some methods used to separate and estimate patients
Zone electrophoresis
Immunochemical methods
Chemical methods
Ultracentrifugation
62
Densitometric scanning from ……… strip converts bands to characteristic peaks of albumin, a1-globulin, a2-globulin, 13-globulin and y-globulin •
Cellulose acetate
63
What is the M-band
A sharp spike noted in an electrophoretic chart in para-proteinemias due to the monoclonal origins of immunoglobulins
64
In an electrophoresis pattern, how is alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency depicted
The alpha 1 band is thin or even missing
65
What are some substances transported by plasma proteins
Iron
Fatty acids, bilirubin, drugs
Cortisol and corticosterone
Free Hb
Thyroxin
Copper
Retinol
66
Which plasma protein transports iron
Transferrin
67
Which plasma protein transports copper
Ceruloplasmin
68
Which plasma protein transports fatty acids, calcium, bilirubin, drugs
Albumin
69
Which plasma protein transports cortisol and corticosterone
Transcortin
70
Which plasma protein transports retinol
Retinol binding protein
71
Which plasma protein transports lipids
Lipoproteins
72
Which plasma protein transports free Hb
Haptoglobin
73
Which plasma protein transports thyroxin
Thyroxin binding protein
74
What is the most important regulator of osmotic or oncotic pressure.
Albumin
75
In osmotic regulation, what is the effect of a decrease in albumin levels
Loss of water into the
76
Plasma proteins are colloidal and non-diffusible and exert colloidal osmotic pressure which helps maintain normal blood volume and a normal water content in the interstitial fluid and tissues
True or false
True
77
Plasma proteins are colloidal and non-diffusible and exert colloidal osmotic pressure which helps maintain normal blood volume and a normal water content in the interstitial fluid and tissues
True or false
True
78
Give an example of a plasma protein which has catalytic function
Lipases
79
What are some protective functions of plasma proteins
Igs combine with foreign antigens and removes them
Complement system removes cellular antigens
Enzymes inhibitors removes enzymes by forming complexes with them (eg. α1 anti-trypsin neutralizes elastase, trypsin prevent hydrolytic damage of tissues in the lungs)
Some plasma proteins increase during acute phase reactions to protect the body
80
Mention some plasma proteins which cause clotting
Factor IX
Factor XIII
Thrombin
Fibrinogen
81
Give an example of a plasma protein with anticoagulant activity
Plasmin
82
Plasma proteins are involved in maintaining the body’s acid/base balance. What does this function of a plasma protein refer to
Buffering capacity of the plasma protein
83
What is the half life of albumin
About 20 days
84
What is the percentage of albumin of the total plasma protein
60%
85
About 40% of albumin is present in…………, and the other 60% is present in ……………….
The plasma, the extracellular space
86
Which plasma protein precipitates last in salting out methods
Albumin
87
Which plasma protein migrates fastest in electrophoresis at alkaline pH
Albumin
88
What is colloid osmotic pressure
It is a form of oncotic pressure exerted by proteins in blood plasma that usually tends to pull water into the circulatory system because large plasma proteins cannot easily cross through the capillary walls
89
What is the name of the condition in which proteins including plasma proteins are lost in the urine
Proteinuria
90
Mention some drugs that can be transported by plasma proteins
Sulfonamides
Penicillin G
Dicoumarol
Phenytoin
Aspirin
91
Which plasma protein has the maximum buffering capacity
Albumin, due to its high concentration and the presence of large number of histidine residues, which contribute maximally towards maintenance of acid base balance
92
Albumin has a nutritive function. Explain
Albumin serves as a source of amino acids for tissue protein synthesis to a limited extent. Tissue cells can take up albumin by pinocytosis & hydrolyzed it to amino acids
93
Albumin exerts ………… viscosity
(High or low)
Low
94
How can sulfonamide-albumin binding cause kernicterus in infants
Sulfonamides can cause the release of unconjugated bilirubin from albumin by competitive binding
*Don’t give sulfonamides to infants*
95
How does the case of liver disease or starvation cause edema
Albumin is synthesized in the liver. In the case of liver disease, there will be no albumin to exert oncotic pressure this fluid will move from the blood into the interstitial spaces to cause edema
96
List two drugs which have the same affinity for albumin and thus can compete for available binding sites with consequent displacement of other drugs
Phenytoin
Dicoumarol interactions
97
Calcium level is lowered in conditions of ………….
Hypoalbuminemia
98
Mention three conditions which could cause hypoalbuminemia
Malnutrition
Nephrotic syndrome
Cirrhosis of the liver
99
Albumin is therapeutically useful for the treatment of ………… and …………….
Burns, hemorrhage
100
What is the pathophysiology of alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency disease
Mutant α1–antitrypsin accumulates and aggregates in the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum of hepatocytes to form polymers, cause liver damage followed by accumulation of collagen resulting in fibrosis (cirrhosis) (loop-sheet polymerization)
101
What is another name for alpha 1 acid glycoprotein
Orosomucoid
102
What is the carbohydrate content in Orosomucoid
41%
103
Concentration of orosomucoid glycoprotein ………… in inflammatory diseases, cirrhosis of liver and in malignant conditions
Increases. It is an APP
104
Concentration of alpha 1 antitrypsin decreases in ……….., ………….. and ……………..
Liver diseases
Malnutrition
Nephrotic syndrome
105
What is the normal concentration of AFP in the healthy adult
> 1ug/100ml
106
What is the half life of Hp and the Hb-Hp complex
5 days and 90 mins respectively
107
What is a major component of acute phase protein
CRP
108
Which plasma protein reacts with C polysaccharide pneumococci
CRP
109
Why is the estimation of CRP important
For the evaluation of acute phase response
110
What plasma protein is a clinically important marker to predict the risk of coronary heart disease
CRP
111
CRP rises up to ……….-fold in acute inflammation, such as infection. It rises above normal limits within 6 hours, and peaks at 48 hours.
50,000
112
Which plasma protein is involved in the promotion of immune system through the activation of complement cascade
CRP
113
What is the first complement factor to build antibody
Complement C1q (beta globulin)
114
What are the normal levels of haemopexin in adults
0.5 - 1.0gm/L
115
In which diseases do we find low levels of haemopexin
Haemolytic disorders at birth and drug induced
116
In which conditions do we find high levels of haemopexin
Pregnancy
Diabetes mellitus
Malignancies
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
117
What is the norms level of complement C1q
0.15gm/L
118
Which of the beta globulins can bind heparin
Complement C1q
119
Decreased levels of complement C1q is used as an indicator of ……….. complex
High levels of complement C1q are found in ………….
Circulating Ag –Ab, Chronic infections
120
Ceruloplasmin carries about 90% of plasma copper tightly so that copper is not readily exchangeable. What other plasma protein carries the rest of the 10% of the copper
Albumin
121
Which plasma protein is the major supplier of copper to tissue
Albumin
122
Which plasma protein is a pan-proteinase inhibitor and can combine and inhibit many protease
Alpha 2 MG
123
Which plasma protein can bind cytokines such as PDGF and TGFβ and target them to particular cells to affect on cell growth or function
Alpha 2 MAG
124
How many kDa is alpha 2 MG
720kDa
125
In which syndrome is alpha 2 MG levels increased
Nephrotic syndrome
126
Describe the nephrotic syndrome condition
A condition wherein the kidneys start to leak out some of the smaller blood proteins. Because of its size, α2 -MG is retained in the bloodstream. bloodstream. This increase has little adverse effect on the health, but is used as a diagnostic clue
127
What is the MOA of penicillamine
It binds copper (chelation) and leads to excretion of copper in the urine
