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Clinical Chemistry > Plasma proteins > Flashcards

Plasma proteins Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the most important plasma protein?

A

Albumin

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2
Q

What are the functions of plasma proteins?

A 
Transport
Humoral immunity
Maintenance of oncotic pressure
Protease inhibitors
Buffering
Enzymes/Hormones
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3
Q

Give examples of proteins associated with transport

A

Transferrin, apolipoproteins,

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4
Q

Give an example of proteins associated with humoral immunity

A

Immunoglobins

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5
Q

Give an example of proteins associated with buffering

A

all plasma proteins

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6
Q

Give an example of protease inhibitors

A

alpha 1 anti-trypsin

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7
Q

Give an example of proteins associated with enzymes and hormones

A

Renin, coagulation factors, complement proteins

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8
Q

What could cause a decrease in protein concentration?

A 
Malnutrition
Malabsorption Liver disease
Over hydration
increased capillary permeability
catabolic state
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9
Q

What could cause an increase in protein concentration?

A

Dehydration
paraproteinemia
hypergammaglobulinemia

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10
Q

How is plasma protein measured in electrophoresis?

A

The proteins are separated based on electrical charge

5 separate bands are seen

These bands can vary depending on the disease

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11
Q

Which proteins are observed in each of the 5 bands in order?

A 
Albumin first
alpha-1 proteins 
alpha-2 proteins 
beta-1 proteins 
beta-2 proteins
gamma globulins
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12
Q

Give examples of alpha 1 and alpha 2 proteins

A

alpha-1: AT, a-fetoprotein

alpha-2: HDL, Haptoglobin, a2-macroglobulin, ceruloplasmin

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13
Q

Give examples of beta 1 and 2 proteins

A

C3, transferrin, LDL, CRP,

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14
Q

Give examples of gamma globulins.

A

Immunoglobulins, fibrinogen,

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15
Q

What is Prealbumin (Transthyretin)?

A

It is a transport protein for thyroid hormones and retinol(vit A)
It migrates faster than albumin in electrophoresis and low levels are common in liver disease, nephrotic syndrome and acute phase inflammatory response as well as malnutrition. It only has a half life of 2 days

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16
Q

What is albumin?

A

Albumin is the most abundant protein found in the body and is synthesized in the liver. It has a 20 day half life and can decrease rapidly following an injury or surgery. Its main function is the maintenance of oncotic pressure(80%)

17
Q

What is oncotic pressure?

A

This is the osmotic pressure that plasma proteins exert to pull water into the circulatory system. It is the opposing force to hydrostatic pressure and it maintains fluid distribution in and outside cells

18
Q

What are the effects of Hypoalbumineamia?

A

The low oncotic pressure leads to oedema as albumin levels drop such as in liver disease, this causes fluid to move into the interstitial spaces.

There is reduced transport of drugs and other substances in plasma.

There is reduced amount of protein bound calcium and total plasma calcium level drops but ionized calcium may remain normal

19
Q

What is the main cause of hyperalbuminemia?

A

Dehydration

No clinical conditions associated with liver producing large amounts of albumin.

20
Q

What is alpha-1 antitrypsin?

A

It is a protein made by the liver and macrophages which naturally inhibits proteases.

It is an acute phase protein, and increase in acute inflammation

21
Q

What inherited disorders disrupt synthesis of alpha-1 AT?

A

Emphysema
cirrhosis
neonatal hepatitis

22
Q

What is Haptoglobin?

A

An acute phase protein and alpha-2 globulin whos main function is to bind to free haemoglobin and transfer it to reticuloendothelial cells.
Its concentration can increase in hypoalbuminemic states and genetic ploymorphism is present

23
Q

What is alpha-2 macroglobulin?

A

A protein with a high molecular weight that acts as a protease inhibitor. It is increased in nephrotic syndrome and accounts for 1/3 of alpha 2 globulins

24
Q

What is ceruloplasmin?

A

An acute phase protein that carries copper and is a ferroxidase and superoxide scavenger. Its significant in the absorption of oxygen in the intestine and Can cause wilsons disease when in low ammounts.

25
Q

What is Wilsons disease?

A

A disease where copper accumulates in the liver and brain due to low levels of ceruloplasmin

26
Q

What is transferrin?

A

A beta globulin majorly associated with transporting iron. It binds to free iron in serum

27
Q

What is C-reactive protein?(CRP)

A

An acute phase protein synthesized by the liver that is important for phagocytosis. High levels of it are found in inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and it can ACT AS A MARKER FOR ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE

28
Q

What is Pro-calcitonin?

A

A precursor to calcitonin
It undergoes cleavage in C cells of the thyroid gland to form calcitonin and it is an acute phase protein.

It has a greater sensitivity and specificity to infection than CRP and is a better prognostic indicator

29
Q

What is an acute phase response?

A

A complex physiological change that occurs in trauma, burns, infection and inflammation that is mediated by cytokines, TNF and vasoactive substances.

It can cause changes in plasma proteins and hemodynamics as well as increase fibrinolytic and coagulation systems. Can also cause systemic effects

30
Q

what are some positive acute phase proteins(increase in response)

A 
a1-AT
Haptoglobin
ceruloplasmin
CRP
fibrinogen
31
Q

What are some negative acute phase proteins (decrease in response)

A

Albumin
prealbumin
transferrin

32
Q

What is the function of positive acute phase proteins and which mediators lead to their increase?

A

They activate the complement system
Bind to bacterial cell walls and stimulate phagocytosis

Mediators include: Cytokines, TNF alpha and beta, interferons and platelet activating factors

33
Q

What are immunoglobulins?

A

Plasma proteins that act as antibodies and recognize and bind to foreign antigens

34
Q

What happens if protein concentration falls?

A

capillary permeability will increase leading to diffusion of protein out of interstitial space. This leads to
Septicemia & Inflammation

Clinical Chemistry (5 decks)

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