Biochemical test

Question 1

What is clinical chemistry?

Answer 1

Analysis of bodily fluids for diagnostic and therapeutic
purposes for the management of patients
• Involved variety of biochemistry tests
• Provide biochemical information which are accurate,
relevant and reliable

Question 2

What is screening?

Answer 2

To determine whether a condition is present subclinically

Question 3

Give an example of population screening

Answer 3

Mass screening of newborns for hypothyroidism

and inborn error of metabolisms

Question 4

Give an example of selective screening.

Answer 4

Screening of older people for colon

carcinoma

Question 5

Give an example of individual screening.

Answer 5

Screening as part of a healthcheck-up

Question 6

Give an example of Oppurtunistic screening

Answer 6

For hypercholesterolaemia in peoplefound to

havehypertension

Question 7

What is Diagnosis in clinical chemistry?

Answer 7

Biochemical and other investigations to distinguish
between differential diagnosis
• Investigations used to confirm or rule out possible
diagnosis
• Eg. Glucose level, Cholesterol level

Question 8

What is prognosis in clinical chemistry?

Answer 8

Provide information about the likely outcome of
disease
• Involves serial measurements
Eg. Creatinine measurement for progressive renal disease to determine whether dialysis is required
• Used to indicate risk of certain diseases
Eg. Cholesterol measurement to study risk of coronary artery disease Increases with increasing plasma cholesterol level

Question 9

What is the aim of monitoring in clinical chemistry?

Answer 9

To follow cause of illness
• Monitor effects of treatments
• Detect possible complication of treatment
Eg. Hypokalaemia during treatment with
diuretics
• Monitor drug toxicity, tumor markers

Question 10

What are the types of tests available?

Answer 10

Individual tests
Routine tests and panels
Specialized tests

Question 11

What is tested in individual tests

Answer 11

Lipids
Electrolytes
Metabolites
Metals
Carbohydrates
Enzymes
Protein

Question 12

What is tested for in Panels?

Answer 12

BUSE: Urea, Sodium, Potassium, Chloride
• Renal Function (RP): Urea, Creatinine,
Sodium, Potassium, Chloride
• Liver Function (LFT): TP, Alb, ALT, ALP, TBIL
• Cardiac Function (CE): CK, AST, LDH
• Lipid Profile: Cholesterol, TG, HDL, LDL

Question 13

What is tested for in specialized tests

Answer 13

Hormone
Antibody
Nutrient

Question 14

What equipment is used in clinical chemistry? Name 3

Answer 14

ELISA apparatus
Biochemistry analyzer
PLC system
Hematology analyzer
Electrophoresis apparatus
PCR apparatus
Urine analyzer
Colorimeter

Question 15

What consists the Pre-analytical phase of laboratory testing

Answer 15

Biochemical question
Request form with clinical data
Patient sampled
Transit to lab
Reception and ID

Question 16

What does the analytical and post analytical phase consist of?

Answer 16

Analysis
Quality control
collation
interpretation
reporting
Biochemical answer

Question 17

What are pre analytical sources of errors?

Answer 17

Wrong specimen, mislabeling,
incorrect preservation
Hemolysis

Question 18

What are analytical sources of error?

Answer 18

Human or instrumental error?

Question 19

What are post analytical sources of error?

Answer 19

Correct results generated but

incorrectly reported, transcriptional error