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POM (Principles of Medicine) > Plasma > Flashcards

Plasma Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 mains fluid compartments in humans?

A
  • intracellular (55%)

-extracellular (45%)
— blood plasma (7%)
— interstitial fluid (36%) Between cells
— trans cellular fluid (2%) Cerebrospinal, ocular(eyes), synovial

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2
Q

What is the role of interstitial fluid?

A

Carries O2 and nutrients to cells

Vehicle for the removal of cellular waste products

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3
Q

Where is interstitial fluid drained from?

A

From tissues by the lymphatic vessels and is known as lymph

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4
Q

Where does lymph drain?

A

To secondary lymphoid organs such as the lymph nodes

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5
Q

What does lymph play a role in?

A

It is a component of the adaptive immune response.

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6
Q

What is the composition of plasma?

A

very similar to interstitial fluid

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7
Q

What is the main difference between plasma and interstitial fluid?

A

Plasma contains much more protein

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8
Q

What is plasma?

A

the liquid component of the blood, comprising around 55% of a given blood volume

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9
Q

How do we separate the components of the blood?

A

Treat the sample with anticoagulant then subject the sample to centrifugation

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10
Q

What are the components of blood?

A
  • Plasma (55%)
  • Buffy coat (<1%) — separates RBCs and plasma
  • Red Blood cells (45%)
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11
Q

What does the buffy coat consist of?

A

leukocytes and platelets

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12
Q

What is Apherisis?

A

a technique in which the blood of a donor is collected and passed through a centrifuge to separate a particular cellular component, with the remained returned to the donor

In this way, different cell fractions can be purified for further use.

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13
Q

What disorders can therapeutic apheresis be used to treat?

A
  • Plasma exchange
  • Low density lipid removal
  • Red cell exchange
  • Platelet depletion
  • White blood cell depletion
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14
Q

What does plasma exchange treat?

A

multiple sclerosis and myeloma

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15
Q

What does low density lipid removal treat?

A

patients prone to atherosclerosis

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16
Q

What does red cell exchange treat?

A

Sickle cell disease

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17
Q

What does platelet depletion treat?

A

Disorders of homeostasis

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18
Q

What does white blood cell depletion treat?

A

Leukaemia

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19
Q

What is the use of harvesting of peripheral blood stem cells?

A

Once isolated, these cells are commonly used in bone marrow transplantation, to treat patients with leukaemia and lymphoma (white blood cell cancers).

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20
Q

What is serum?

A

It is generated by letting blood clot for several minutes, depleting the plasma of coagulation factors and trapping cells and platelets within the clot

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21
Q

What are the differences between serum and plasma

A

Plasma is relatively quick to prepare whilst serum can generate a cleaner sample (containing few cells) but takes longer to generate

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22
Q

What are the functions of plasma?

6

A 
Clotting
Immune defence
Osmotic pressure maintenance
Metabolism
Endocrine
Excretion
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23
Q

Role of plasma in clotting?

A

clotting factors and von Willebrand factor found in plasma play keys role in blood clotting

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24
Q

Role of plasma in immune defence?

A

Contains antibodies and complement protein

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25
Q

Role of plasma in osmotic pressure maintenance?

A

proteins such as albumin help to maintain colloidal osmotic pressure

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26
Q

Role of plasma in metabolism?

A

nutrients such as glucose, amino acids and vitamins are transported in the plasma

27
Q

Role of plasma in endocrine

A

many hormones are soluble in plasma and following release into the blood travel to their target organs

28
Q

Role of plasma in excretion?

A

cell metabolism waste products such as urea are transported via the plasma fraction of the blood to the kidneys for removal

29
Q

How abundant are proteins in the plasma?

A

7%

30
Q

How can we determine the content of plasma?

A

electrophoresis

31
Q

What is the most abundant plasma protein?

A

Serum albumin

Peak lies closer to the cathode

32
Q

Where is Serum Albumin produced?

A

The liver

33
Q

What are the functions of serum albumin?

A
  1. Transport of lipids, hormones, ions

2. Maintaining osmotic pressure of plasma

34
Q

What is the role of albumin?

A

When fatty acids are released from the breakdown of triglycerides in adipose tissue —> albumin plays a key role in transporting these around the body for use by other tissues in β-oxidation

35
Q

What are globulins?

A

Plasma proteins (35%)

36
Q

What are the 3 groups of globulins?

A

Alpha globulins
Beta globulins
Gamma globulins

37
Q

What can alpha globulins be broken down into?

A

Alpha-1 globulins

Alpha-2 globulins

38
Q

What are serum alpha 1 globulins represented by?

A

Alpha-1 antitrypsin (A1AT)

39
Q

Where is alpha-1 antitrypsin (A1AT) produced and what is its role?

A

Produced by the liver

Enters the circulation where it plays an important role of inhibiting enzymes which breakdown proteins( proteases)

40
Q

What does inhibiting proteases by A1AT do?

A

Protects tissues from a variety of enzymes( notably neutrophil elastase- released by neutrophils during inflammation)

41
Q

What happens if A1AT is defective or deficient?

A

Compromises lung where degradation of lung tissue leads to a loss of elasticity & respiratory problems

42
Q

What are alpha-2 globulins represented by?

A

Haptoglobin & a2- macroglobulin

43
Q

How is haptoglobin removed?

A

Binds to haemoglobin released from erythrocytes and the resulting haptoglobin- haemoglobin complex is removed by the spleen

44
Q

What can the levels of haptoglobin show?

A

Diagnosis of haemolytic anaemia

45
Q

What is the role of a2- macroglobulin?

A

Broadly active protease inhibitor

Which can inactive fibrinolytic, the breakdown of fibrin involved in blood clotting

46
Q

What proteins do Beta globulins include?

A

C3 and C4 complement proteins

Transferrin

47
Q

What is the role of transferrin and where is it generated?

A

Generated by the liver

Transportation of iron both dietary and that released from the stores of ferritin

48
Q

What proteins do gamma globulins include?

A

Immunoglobulins (antibodies)

Acute-phase protein C-reactive protein

49
Q

What does an increase in the relative amounts of the gamma fraction of globulins indicate?

A

Increased immune system activity associated with infection

50
Q

How much of the plasma do electrolytes make up?

A

1%

51
Q

What are electrolytes major contributors to?

A

Osmolarity

52
Q

Which is the most plentiful cation in the plasma?

A

Sodium

Levels 30 times lower inside blood cells

53
Q

Levels of potassium?

A

30 times lower outside the red cell

54
Q

How are cells not being torn apart by difference in charge?

A

The positive from the intracellular K is mainly balanced by extracellular chloride ions

Also neutralised by anions: proteins, nucleus acids, phosphorylase proteins

55
Q

Where are calcium ions found?

A

intracellular levels several thousand times lower than those outside the cell

56
Q

What are increases in intracellular calcium are associated with?

A

signalling events and can be due to either the opening of calcium channels allowing influx form the exterior, or the release of intracellular stores

57
Q

What is intracellular MG important for?

A

Cofactor for many enzymes

58
Q

How is the maintenance of electrolyte gradients achieved?

A

Active transport of ions by protein pumps such as the Na+-K+ pump

59
Q

What is the Na+-K+ pump also known as?

A

Na+-K+-ATPase since hydrolysis of ATP is required to provide the energy for transportation

60
Q

How many K+ ions are transported for every 3 Na+ ions?

A

2

61
Q

What is maintaining the gradient of Na+ and K+ is key to?

A

the functioning of electrically excitable cells e.g. muscle fibres and neurones and also the maintain of cell volume

62
Q

What happens when ATP levels become depleted?

A

cells have a tendency to become more spherical because of the inward movement of sodium ions and water

63
Q

How can passive immunity may be conferred from the donor to the recipient?

A

if a patient is recovering from a particular infection, then the plasma is likely to contain relatively high levels of polyclonal antibodies which recognise the pathogen –> these are harvested and transferred to patients

POM (Principles of Medicine) (17 decks)

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