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POM (Principles of Medicine) > 5.1: Microbial infection > Flashcards

5.1: Microbial infection Flashcards

1
Q

What is the classification of viruses?

A

not cells in their own right

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2
Q

What is the classification of bacteria?

A

prokaryotes

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3
Q

What is the classification of fungi?

A

eukaryotes- single cell

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4
Q

What is the classification of protozoa?

A

eukaryotes- single cell

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5
Q

What is the classification of helminths

A

eukaryotes- multi-cellular

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6
Q

What is another word for viruses?

A

obligate parasites

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7
Q

What is the genetic material contained in viruses?

A

RNA or DNA

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8
Q

Do viruses show host specificity?

A

yes

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9
Q

How do viruses divide?

A

by budding out of host cells or cytolysis

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10
Q

What are the routes of infection of a virus?

A

various routes

faecal-oral, airborne, insect vectors, blood borne

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11
Q

What is an example of a retrovirus?

A

HIV– enveloped virus
‘DNA makes RNA makes protein’
RNA genome requires reverse transcriptase

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12
Q

What is the only infectious disease to be eradicated by vaccination?

A

smallpox (variola virus)

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13
Q

What is the human papilloma virus?

A

virus that causes cervical cancer

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14
Q

What is the structure of prokaryotes?

A

they do not have internal membranes

photosynthetic bacteria are an exception

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15
Q

How is the genetic material contained in prokaryotes?

A

single copy of a chromosome
(haploid)

eukaryotes can be haploid or diploid

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16
Q

Do prokaryotes have a cytoskeleton?

A

yes

but it is poorly defined unlike eukaryotes where it is well developed

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17
Q

What does prokaryote cell wall contain?

A

peptidoglycan

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18
Q

How do prokaryotes divide?

A

binary fission

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19
Q

What are the key structures of bacteria?

A

pilus, capsule, cell wall, plasma membrane, nucleoid (DNA), cytoplasm, ribosomes

20
Q

What are pili used for?

A

determine how cells interact with and adhere to surfaces

21
Q

What is the role of the capsule?

A

can prevent desiccation or hinder phagocytosis

22
Q

What is the role of the flagella?

A

important for swimming

23
Q

What is shigella?

A

an invasive pathogen

faecal-oral transmission

24
Q

What is neisseria meningitidis?

A

a commensal pathogen that lives without causing harm in the naso-pharynx of about 20% of population
causes: rash, septicaemia
penetrates cerebrospinal fluid- meningitis

25
Q

What are hospital acquired infections?

A 
antimicrobial resistance (AMR)
c. difficile and MRNA
26
Q

What is helicobacter pylori

A

causes peptic ulcer and gastric cancer

27
Q

How do pathogens evolve so quickly?

A

mutation rates

28
Q

Mutations in viruses

A

have error-prone replication and they dont correct the errors they make with very high efficiency

29
Q

mutations in bacteria

A

are haploid so only one gene needs to be mutated to have any phenotypic effect
- much shorter replication times (genes can be selected and spread in a population much more rapidly than in humans)

30
Q

What are the 3 groups of fungi?

A

cause cutaneous, mucosal and/or systemic m

31
Q

What do fungi occur as?

A

yeasts, filaments or both

filaments have cross walls or septa

32
Q

How do fungi replicate?

A

bud or divide

33
Q

What are protozoa?

A

unicellular eukaryotic organisms

intestinal, blood and tissue parasites

34
Q

How do protozoa replicate?

A

by binary fission or by formation of trophozoites inside a cell

35
Q

How is infection by protozoa acquired?

A

ingestion or through a vector eg insect or invertebrate vector

36
Q

What are examples of protozoa?

A

malaria and laishmaniasis

37
Q

What is malaria?

A

plasmodium species

  • infection is acquired via a mosquito vector
  • blood and tissue parasites
  • formation of trophozoites inside a cell
38
Q

What is leishmaniasis?

A

Leishmania species

  • infection is acquired via a sandfly vector
  • blood and tissue parasites
  • formation of trophozoites inside a cell
39
Q

What are helminths?

A

metazoa with eukaryotic cells ( they contain cells that are differentiated into tissues and organs)
- multi-cellular

40
Q

What is the life cycle of helminths?

A

outside the human host

41
Q

What are some examples of helminths?

A

roundworms
flatworms
tapeworms

42
Q

some flukes require hosts for life cycles

A

schistosomiasis

43
Q

What does effective treatment of infectious disease require?

A

knowledge of causative agent

  • its source and means of transmission
  • how they cause damage
  • how the human body reacts
44
Q

prevent

A

vaccination

45
Q

treat

A

drugs

POM (Principles of Medicine) (17 decks)

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