plaque is wack

Question 1

how long until own microbiota is established in the gut of the baby

Answer 1

2 weeks

Question 2

inside uterus, human fetus is __. once born, it acquires

Answer 2

sterile

microorganisms from all its surroundings

Question 3

after how many years is the entire human microbiota formed and compromised of very complex bacterial species

Answer 3

2 years

Question 4

the human body contains _____times more bacteria than human cells

Answer 4

1.3 to 10 times

Question 5

colonization of the oral cavity starts close to the

Answer 5

time of birth

Question 6

the number of oral bacteria gradually increases as a result of

Answer 6

exposure to external environmental microbial sources

Question 7

most bacteria within the human body maintain themselves within their host by

Answer 7

adhering to a surface, including within the oral cavity

Question 8

organisms can survive in the oropharynx when they adhere to either soft tissues or hard surfaces. otherwise, they may be removed by:

Answer 8

1. swallowing, mastication, blowing nose
2. tongue and oral hygiene
3. wash-out effect of the salivary, nasal, and crevicular fluid outflow
4. the active motion of the cilia of the nasal and sinus walls

Question 9

what are the 6 major ecosystems of the oral cavity

Answer 9

1. tonsils
2. tongue
3. ventral surface of tongue
4. sulcus
5. saliva
6. teeth

Question 10

thin, slimy film of bacteria that adheres to a surface

Answer 10

biofilm

Question 11

the biofilm:
the layer of living organisms that can attach to a solid object is composed of:

Answer 11

microbial cells that interact closely with neighboring cells benefitting each other when one organism removes another’s waste products and uses them as an energy source

Question 12

biofilm is encase within

Answer 12

a matrix that acts as a barrier

Question 13

this surrounds the bacteria within the plaque biolfilm

Answer 13

plaque matrix

Question 14

plaque matrix is composed of

Answer 14

inorganic and organic components that originate from the bacteria

Question 15

major components
and
minor components
of plaque matrix

Answer 15

major: polysaccharides derived from bacterial metabolism of carbohydrates
minor: salivary glycoproteins

Question 16

the biofilm matrix functions as a

Answer 16

barrier

Question 17

substances produced by bacteria within the biofilm are retained and concentrated, which fosters

Answer 17

metabolic interactions among the different bacteria

Question 18

these are commonly found in biolfims which form a primitive circulatory system that removes waste products and brings fresh nutrients to the deeper layers of the film

Answer 18

water channels

Question 19

inorganic components of biofilm

Answer 19

1. calcium
2. phosphorus
3. trace amounts of sodium, potassium, fluoride

Question 20

the main source of inorganic components of supragingival plaque is primarily:

Answer 20

saliva

Question 21

structured, resilient, yellow-grayish substance that adheres tenaciously to intraoral hard surfaces, including removable and fixed restorations

Answer 21

dental plaque

Question 22

this makes it impossible to remove plaque by rinsing or with use of sprays like water picks

Answer 22

EXM aka dental matrix

Question 23

the dental plaque is composed of mainly

Answer 23

microorganisms

Question 24

this plaque is found at or above the gingival margin:

when it is in direct contact with the gingival margin, it is called:

Answer 24

supragingival

marginal plaque

Question 25

this plaque is found below the gingival margin, between the tooth and the gingival pocket

Answer 25

subgingival plaque can occur in healthy gums too

Question 26

1. this plaque is prime importance during initiation and development of gingivitis: 2. critical in calculus formation and root caries: 3. important in destruction that characterizes different forms of periodontitis:

Answer 26

1. marginal plaque 2. subgingival plaque 3. tissue-associated subgingival plaque

Question 27

soft, white accumulation of bacteria, food matter, and tissue cells

Answer 27

materia alba

Question 28

can materia alba be displaced by water

Answer 28

yes (like water pick)

Question 29

where is materia alba seen most in

Answer 29

elderly

Question 30

hard deposit that forms via the mineralization of dental plaque and generally covered by a layer of unmineralized plaque

Answer 30

calculus

Question 31

how does biofilm become mineralized

Answer 31

by calcium and phosphate salts from salivausually between 1 and 14 day of plaque formation)

Question 32

does all plaque go under calcification

Answer 32

no

Question 33

what is the primary source for supragingival plaque? subgingival plaque?

Answer 33

supra: saliva sub: gingival crevicular fluid

Question 34

is plaque or calculus the problem

Answer 34

plaque!

Question 35

what plays a major role in periodontitis because it keeps plaque close to gingival tissues and makes it difficult to remove the irritant (plaque)

Answer 35

calculus

Question 36

how is calculus removed

Answer 36

professionally with periodontal instrument

Question 37

formation can be accelerated by factors such as

Answer 37

smoking and mouth breathing

Question 38

how to see supragingival calculus if cant tell

Answer 38

blow air!!!

Question 39

what color is supragingival calculus

Answer 39

yellow or white

Question 40

where is supragingial calculus commonly found

Answer 40

adjacent to salivary gland ducts **lingual aspects of lower anteriors **buccal surfaces of 3 and 14

Question 41

% mineralized of supragingival calculus : % mineralized of subgingival calculus

Answer 41

supra: 30% sub: 60%

Question 42

how to detect subgingival calculus

Answer 42

explorer and radiographs

Question 43

this derives minerals from inflammatory exudate (on top of gingival crevicular fluid

Answer 43

subgingival calculus

Question 44

color of subgingival calc? and why

Answer 44

dense, dark brown or black due to blood components and/or bacterial degradation

Question 45

what calc is tenacious and firmly attached to tooth doesnt want to come off

Answer 45

subgingival calc

Question 46

plaque attaches to what kind of surfaces

Answer 46

-rough -surface irregularities on enamel and cementum -areas of demineralization

Question 47

calculus attaches on cementum on:

Answer 47

1. organic pellicle 2. mechanical locking into surface irregularities 3. close adaption to gentle depression or sloping mounts of unaltered cementum 4. bacterial penetration into cementum surfaces

Question 48

what are the 3 phases of dental plaque accumulation

Answer 48

1. formation of pellicle on tooth surfaces 2. initial adhesion/attachment of bacteria 3. colonization/plaque maturation

Question 49

where does pellicle originate from?

Answer 49

saliva

Question 50

this is a thin-protein-based structureless membrane

Answer 50

pellicle

Question 51

pellicle can be detected on clean enamel surface within _______ after their introduction into the mouth

Answer 51

1 minute

Question 52

this is acellular in nature and consists primarily of glycoproteins

Answer 52

pellicle

Question 53

colonization of ____serves as a nutrient for bacteria

Answer 53

pellicle

Question 54

how long does it take for the pellicle to develop into its condensed mature structure

Answer 54

7 days

Question 55

bacteria that adhere to the tooth surface do not contact the enamel directly, but interact with the aquired

Answer 55

enamel pellicle

Question 56

transmission electron microscopy shows that pellicle is composed of two layers:

Answer 56

1. thin basal layers that is very difficult to remove even with harsh chemical and mechanical treatments 2. thicker globular layer that is easier to detach

Question 57

dental enamel is permanently covered with this from the moment that teeth erupt

Answer 57

acquired pellicle

Question 58

what are the 4 significances of pellicle

Answer 58

1. protective: provides barrier against acids, thus reducing dental caries attack 2. lubrication: keeps surface moist, prevents drying 3. nidus for bacteria: key role in development of plaque 4. aides in the attachment of calc

Question 59

what are the 3 phases of colonization for the initial adhesion/attachment of bacteria

Answer 59

1. transport to the surface 2. initial reversible adhesion 3. strong attachment

Question 60

the primary colonizing bacteria adhered to the tooth surface provides new receptors for attachment by other bacteria as part of a process known as

Answer 60

cohesion

Question 61

together with the growth of adherent microorganisms, coadhesion leads to the development of ____and eventually to a mature biolfilm

Answer 61

microcolonies

Question 62

biofilm maturation is a highly specific event that involves a nonrandom aggregation of

Answer 62

different bacteria

Question 63

_____do not initially colonize clean tooth surfaces but rather adhere to bacteria that are already in the plaque mass. the transition from early supragingival dental plaque to mature plaque growing below the gingival margin involes a shift in the microbial population from primarily ______organisms to high number of _____bacteria

Answer 63

secondary colonizers gram-positive gram-negative

Question 64

dental plaque formation quick steps 1 2 3 4

Answer 64

1. acquired pellicle formation 2. reversible adhesion to pellicle 3. irreversible attachment, coadhesion and coaggregation 4. biofilm maturation and detachment

Question 65

biofilm formation timeline

Answer 65

stage 1- pellicle formation stage 2- bacterial colonization stage 3- plaque maturation

Question 66

explain each step of stage 2- bacterial colonization for biofilm formation day 1 day 2-4 day 4-7 day 7-14

Answer 66

1- gram + cocci 2-4- filamentous forms grow on cocci; intracellular matrix forms and connects colonies 4-7- filamentous forms increases; rods and fusobacteria appear 7-14- vibrios and spirochetes appear; gram - increases; clinical inflammation visible

Question 67

explain each step of stage 3- plaque maturation for biolfim formation day 14-24

Answer 67

gingivitis clinically evident biofilm well established

Question 68

what initial colonziers of bacterial species are found in plaque

Answer 68

gram + aerobic and faculative organisms (actinomyces, streptocuccus) attached to pellicle

Question 69

this is approx 47-85% cocci during first 4 hours

Answer 69

gram + aerobic

Question 70

most abundant colonization occurs on what surfaces

Answer 70

proximal surfaces, fissures, and gingival sulcus BLMD

Question 71

what secondary colonizers of bacterial species are found in plaque

Answer 71

gram - anaerobic organisms P. intermedia, P. gingivalis, capnocytophage species, spirochetes, motile rods -don't require as much oxygen to survive

Question 72

these colonizers are the etiologic initiators of caries and periodontitis

Answer 72

gram - anaerobic organisms P. intermedia, P. gingivalis, capnocytophage species, spirochetes, motile rods

Question 73

when energy sources are introduced (sucrose) microorganisms produce:

Answer 73

-acid -intracellular polysaccharides (reverse energy source) -extracellular polysaccharides (glucans[dextrans] and fructans[levans]

Question 74

viscous, sticky substances that anchor bacteria to pellicle and stabilize plaque mass: this is the energy source for dental plaque

Answer 74

glucans (dextrans) fructans (levans)

Question 75

plaque organisms adapt to adverse conditions including: these conditions affect the prolonged existence of the biofilm

Answer 75

pH, temp, ionic strength, absence of nutrients, competing organisms, and inflammatory/immune response

Question 76

these factors affect plaque accumulation

Answer 76

-mechanical removal (forces from mastication, brushing, tongue movement) -availability of nutrients -undisturbed environment -interaction between bacteria and host immune response

Question 77

organisms in biofilm (are/are not) 1000-1500 times more resistant to antibiotics

Answer 77

are

Question 78

biofilm matrix has properties that _____antibiotic penetration

Answer 78

slowdown

Question 79

____rate of growth of bacterial species makes them less susceptible to antibiotics

Answer 79

slower

Question 80

this is rapidly liquefied by bacterial enzymes and cleared from the mouth by salivary flow/muscles of mastification

Answer 80

food debris liquid- cleared within 15 minutes food- more than an hour

Question 81

is dental plaque a derivative of food debris

Answer 81

no

Question 82

can plaque be removed by spraying water

Answer 82

no

Question 83

as plaque matures, it becomes resistant to

Answer 83

mechanical removal

Question 84

as bacteria search for nutrients, they migrate

Answer 84

sub gingivally