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PATIENT CARE III > plaque is wack > Flashcards

plaque is wack Flashcards

1
Q

how long until own microbiota is established in the gut of the baby

A

2 weeks

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2
Q

inside uterus, human fetus is __. once born, it acquires

A

sterile

microorganisms from all its surroundings

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3
Q

after how many years is the entire human microbiota formed and compromised of very complex bacterial species

A

2 years

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4
Q

the human body contains _____times more bacteria than human cells

A

1.3 to 10 times

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5
Q

colonization of the oral cavity starts close to the

A

time of birth

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6
Q

the number of oral bacteria gradually increases as a result of

A

exposure to external environmental microbial sources

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7
Q

most bacteria within the human body maintain themselves within their host by

A

adhering to a surface, including within the oral cavity

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8
Q

organisms can survive in the oropharynx when they adhere to either soft tissues or hard surfaces. otherwise, they may be removed by:

A
  1. swallowing, mastication, blowing nose
  2. tongue and oral hygiene
  3. wash-out effect of the salivary, nasal, and crevicular fluid outflow
  4. the active motion of the cilia of the nasal and sinus walls
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9
Q

what are the 6 major ecosystems of the oral cavity

A
  1. tonsils
  2. tongue
  3. ventral surface of tongue
  4. sulcus
  5. saliva
  6. teeth
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10
Q

thin, slimy film of bacteria that adheres to a surface

A

biofilm

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11
Q

the biofilm:
the layer of living organisms that can attach to a solid object is composed of:

A

microbial cells that interact closely with neighboring cells benefitting each other when one organism removes another’s waste products and uses them as an energy source

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12
Q

biofilm is encase within

A

a matrix that acts as a barrier

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13
Q

this surrounds the bacteria within the plaque biolfilm

A

plaque matrix

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14
Q

plaque matrix is composed of

A

inorganic and organic components that originate from the bacteria

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15
Q

major components
and
minor components
of plaque matrix

A

major: polysaccharides derived from bacterial metabolism of carbohydrates
minor: salivary glycoproteins

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16
Q

the biofilm matrix functions as a

A

barrier

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17
Q

substances produced by bacteria within the biofilm are retained and concentrated, which fosters

A

metabolic interactions among the different bacteria

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18
Q

these are commonly found in biolfims which form a primitive circulatory system that removes waste products and brings fresh nutrients to the deeper layers of the film

A

water channels

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19
Q

inorganic components of biofilm

A
  1. calcium
  2. phosphorus
  3. trace amounts of sodium, potassium, fluoride
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20
Q

the main source of inorganic components of supragingival plaque is primarily:

A

saliva

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21
Q

structured, resilient, yellow-grayish substance that adheres tenaciously to intraoral hard surfaces, including removable and fixed restorations

A

dental plaque

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22
Q

this makes it impossible to remove plaque by rinsing or with use of sprays like water picks

A

EXM aka dental matrix

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23
Q

the dental plaque is composed of mainly

A

microorganisms

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24
Q

this plaque is found at or above the gingival margin:

when it is in direct contact with the gingival margin, it is called:

A

supragingival

marginal plaque

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25
Q

this plaque is found below the gingival margin, between the tooth and the gingival pocket

A

subgingival plaque

can occur in healthy gums too

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26
Q
  1. this plaque is prime importance during initiation and development of gingivitis:
  2. critical in calculus formation and root caries:
  3. important in destruction that characterizes different forms of periodontitis:
A
  1. marginal plaque
  2. subgingival plaque
  3. tissue-associated subgingival plaque
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27
Q

soft, white accumulation of bacteria, food matter, and tissue cells

A

materia alba

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28
Q

can materia alba be displaced by water

A

yes (like water pick)

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29
Q

where is materia alba seen most in

A

elderly

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30
Q

hard deposit that forms via the mineralization of dental plaque and generally covered by a layer of unmineralized plaque

A

calculus

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31
Q

how does biofilm become mineralized

A

by calcium and phosphate salts from salivausually between 1 and 14 day of plaque formation)

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32
Q

does all plaque go under calcification

A

no

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33
Q

what is the primary source for supragingival plaque?

subgingival plaque?

A

supra: saliva
sub: gingival crevicular fluid

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34
Q

is plaque or calculus the problem

A

plaque!

35
Q

what plays a major role in periodontitis because it keeps plaque close to gingival tissues and makes it difficult to remove the irritant (plaque)

A

calculus

36
Q

how is calculus removed

A

professionally with periodontal instrument

37
Q

formation can be accelerated by factors such as

A

smoking and mouth breathing

38
Q

how to see supragingival calculus if cant tell

A

blow air!!!

39
Q

what color is supragingival calculus

A

yellow or white

40
Q

where is supragingial calculus commonly found

A

adjacent to salivary gland ducts
**lingual aspects of lower anteriors
**buccal surfaces of 3 and 14

41
Q

% mineralized of supragingival calculus :
% mineralized of subgingival calculus

A

supra: 30%
sub: 60%

42
Q

how to detect subgingival calculus

A

explorer and radiographs

43
Q

this derives minerals from inflammatory exudate (on top of gingival crevicular fluid

A

subgingival calculus

44
Q

color of subgingival calc? and why

A

dense, dark brown or black

due to blood components and/or bacterial degradation

45
Q

what calc is tenacious and firmly attached to tooth
doesnt want to come off

A

subgingival calc

46
Q

plaque attaches to what kind of surfaces

A

-rough
-surface irregularities on enamel and cementum
-areas of demineralization

47
Q

calculus attaches on cementum on:

A
  1. organic pellicle
  2. mechanical locking into surface irregularities
  3. close adaption to gentle depression or sloping mounts of unaltered cementum
  4. bacterial penetration into cementum surfaces
48
Q

what are the 3 phases of dental plaque accumulation

A
  1. formation of pellicle on tooth surfaces
  2. initial adhesion/attachment of bacteria
  3. colonization/plaque maturation
49
Q

where does pellicle originate from?

A

saliva

50
Q

this is a thin-protein-based structureless membrane

A

pellicle

51
Q

pellicle can be detected on clean enamel surface within _______ after their introduction into the mouth

A

1 minute

52
Q

this is acellular in nature and consists primarily of glycoproteins

A

pellicle

53
Q

colonization of ____serves as a nutrient for bacteria

A

pellicle

54
Q

how long does it take for the pellicle to develop into its condensed mature structure

A

7 days

55
Q

bacteria that adhere to the tooth surface do not contact the enamel directly, but interact with the aquired

A

enamel pellicle

56
Q

transmission electron microscopy shows that pellicle is composed of two layers:

A
  1. thin basal layers that is very difficult to remove even with harsh chemical and mechanical treatments
  2. thicker globular layer that is easier to detach
57
Q

dental enamel is permanently covered with this from the moment that teeth erupt

A

acquired pellicle

58
Q

what are the 4 significances of pellicle

A
  1. protective: provides barrier against acids, thus reducing dental caries attack
  2. lubrication: keeps surface moist, prevents drying
  3. nidus for bacteria: key role in development of plaque
  4. aides in the attachment of calc
59
Q

what are the 3 phases of colonization for the initial adhesion/attachment of bacteria

A
  1. transport to the surface
  2. initial reversible adhesion
  3. strong attachment
60
Q

the primary colonizing bacteria adhered to the tooth surface provides new receptors for attachment by other bacteria as part of a process known as

A

cohesion

61
Q

together with the growth of adherent microorganisms, coadhesion leads to the development of ____and eventually to a mature biolfilm

A

microcolonies

62
Q

biofilm maturation is a highly specific event that involves a nonrandom aggregation of

A

different bacteria

63
Q

_____do not initially colonize clean tooth surfaces but rather adhere to bacteria that are already in the plaque mass.

the transition from early supragingival dental plaque to mature plaque growing below the gingival margin involes a shift in the microbial population from primarily ______organisms to high number of _____bacteria

A

secondary colonizers

gram-positive

gram-negative

64
Q

dental plaque formation quick steps
1
2
3
4

A
  1. acquired pellicle formation
  2. reversible adhesion to pellicle
  3. irreversible attachment, coadhesion and coaggregation
  4. biofilm maturation and detachment
65
Q

biofilm formation timeline

A

stage 1- pellicle formation
stage 2- bacterial colonization
stage 3- plaque maturation

66
Q

explain each step of stage 2- bacterial colonization for biofilm formation
day 1
day 2-4
day 4-7
day 7-14

A

1- gram + cocci
2-4- filamentous forms grow on cocci; intracellular matrix forms and connects colonies
4-7- filamentous forms increases; rods and fusobacteria appear
7-14- vibrios and spirochetes appear; gram - increases; clinical inflammation visible

67
Q

explain each step of stage 3- plaque maturation for biolfim formation
day 14-24

A

gingivitis clinically evident
biofilm well established

68
Q

what initial colonziers of bacterial species are found in plaque

A

gram + aerobic and faculative organisms (actinomyces, streptocuccus) attached to pellicle

69
Q

this is approx 47-85% cocci during first 4 hours

A

gram + aerobic

70
Q

most abundant colonization occurs on what surfaces

A

proximal surfaces, fissures, and gingival sulcus BLMD

71
Q

what secondary colonizers of bacterial species are found in plaque

A

gram - anaerobic organisms
P. intermedia, P. gingivalis, capnocytophage species, spirochetes, motile rods

72
Q

these colonizers are the etiologic initiators of caries and periodontitis

A

gram - anaerobic organisms
P. intermedia, P. gingivalis, capnocytophage species, spirochetes, motile rods

dont require as much oxygen to survive

73
Q

when energy sources are introduced (sucrose) microorganisms produce:

A

-acid
-intracellular polysaccharides (reverse energy source)
-extracellular polysaccharides (glucans[dextrans] and fructans[levans]

74
Q

viscous, sticky substances that anchor bacteria to pellicle and stabilize plaque mass:

this is the energy source for dental plaque

A

dextrans

levans

75
Q

plaque organisms adapt to adverse conditions including:

these conditions affect the prolonged existence of the biofilm

A

pH, temp, ionic strength, absence of nutrients, competing organisms, and inflammatory/immune response

76
Q

these factors affect plaque accumulation

A

-mechanical removal (forces from mastication, brushing, tongue movement)
-availability of nutrients
-undisturbed environment
-interaction between bacteria and host immune response

77
Q

organisms in biofilm (are/are not) 1000-1500 times more resistant to antibiotics

A

are

78
Q

biofilm matrix has properties that _____antibiotic penetration

A

slowdown

79
Q

____rate of growth of bacterial species makes them less susceptible to antibiotics

A

slower

80
Q

this is rapidly liquefied by bacterial enzymes and cleared from the mouth by salivary flow/muscles of mastification

A

food debris
liquid- cleared within 15 minutes
food- more than an hour

81
Q

is dental plaque a derivative of food debris

A

no

82
Q

can plaque be removed by spraying water

A

no

83
Q

as plaque matures, it becomes resistant to

A

mechanical removal

84
Q

as bacteria search for nutrients, they migrate

A

sub gingivally

PATIENT CARE III (7 decks)

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