Plantsssss Flashcards
Angiospermae plant originated , period
Golden period , father of plant embryology , Indian ,
Book
Plant
Mesozoic era , end of Jurassic period and beginning of Cretaceous period
Coenozoic era , C.F wolf , Panchanan Maheshwari
An introduction to embryology of Angiospermae
Capselda ( Shepheard purse ) dicot typical Angiospermae plant , annual , weed
Floriculture include
Angiospermae main plant body , flower is
To a biologist flower are
Monocarpic plant eg , exception
Cultivation, breeding , marketing
Diploid, heterosporous , modified shoot
Morphological, embryological marvels and site of sexual reproduction
Annual & biennial plant , bamboo ( 50-100) , neelakuranji or strobilanthus kunthiana ( 12
Prefertilization events include
Shoot -> 1 ->2 ->3 ->4 ->5 ->6
Male reproductive whorl , unit ()
Gametogenesis , gamete formation
1 decision making
2 several hormones structural change occur
3 floral primordium
4 inflorescence
5 floral bud
6 flower
Androecium, stamens ( microsporophyll
Stamen divided into
—— end of filament is attached to
Connective
Consist
A long thin stalk called filament ,
Terminal generally bilobed structure called anther
Proximal end , to thalamus or petal
Anther , filament / two lobes are attached together with help of a region
Vascular tissue
1 anther = a , 1 a =
1 anther = b
A typical anther is
Anther structure ts (shape
2 lobes ( bilobed ) , 2 pollen chambers/ pollen sac / microsporangia ( diathecous )
4 pollen chambers/ microsporangia tetrasporangiate
Bilobed , dithecous , tetrasporangiate
Tetragonal ( 4 sided ) , spherical
Bisporongiate
At maturity of pollen grain ,
Mature anther
Structure of anther has
Only 3 layer fn
Malvaceae family = lady finger , cotton, china rose , monothecus ,
Sterile tissue degenerate which +nt b/w p. Sac so both sac fuse and appear 1 chambered
2 chamber
Epidermis
Endothecium
Middle layer
Tapetum
Fn of protection help in dehiscence of anther to release the pollen
Epidermis ,,,
Endothelium () ,
Thin , thickness (due to
+nt on radial layer
Outer most layer , single celled thick , protective layer
Fibrous layer single layer ,
Outer wall , inner and radial wall ( due to thickening of alpha cellulose fibre
Callose band
Stronium
Endothecium layer nature (due), so help in
Middle layer generally _____ layer , made up of , fn
In mature anther (name),,,, exception
Alpha cellulose fibre and callose cell absent
Hygroscopic due to presence of fibrous thickening , dehiscence of anther
1 to 3 layer , parenchyma cell storage of food
Absent ephemeral , wolfia
Tapetum , act as , —— surrounded by t , also
Ploidy level () , nucleus
Inner most layer , as nutritive layer , pollen sac , single cell thick
Diploid but they become polyploidy to Endo mitosis ( chromosomal duplication without nucleus division) , more than one nucleus (due to free nuclear division)
Fn of tapetum,,,,
Proubisch body
Provide nourishment to microscope mother cell , secretion of enzyme ( calease ) , secretion of sporopollenin ( polymer of carotenoids ) ,secretion of pollen kit substances ( lipids, carotenoids ,
Before degeneration of tapetum in mature anther they form special granules
Proubisch body transfer , Ubisch body
U fn
Microsporongenesis
Pmc / ,,,fn
Transfer b/w cell wall and cell mem , Proubisch + sporopollenin
Release into pollen sac and help in formation of outer covering of pollen grain
Process of formation of microspore from pmc by meiosis
Cell of sporogenous tissue divide to form 4 haploid microspore / pollen grain by meiosis
Microspore mother cell is surrounded by(layer), all ____ microspore are arranged in
After some time
Anther shape
A mass of , surrounded by
Callose layer , 4 in clusters of cells - the microspore tetrad
This Callose layer is dissolved by callase enzymes secreted by tapetum
As outgrowth , spherical / oval
Undifferentiated homologous meristematic cell , a single layer thick epidermis
Mass centre In male , archsporial cell
These cell divide __________ to form
1 cell type fn
Vascular tissue,4 cells are located just below the epidermis of 4 corner become large
Preclinically to form primary parietal cell(out) and primary sporonogenous cell (centre )
PPC further divide and form 3-5 layer thick wall of anther namely Endothecium (fibrous layer ), middle layer , tapetum
Psc divide (no),
Later
Ajun Later
Development of anther in origin is
Twice or more than two type by meiosis division to form sporogeneous cell
sporogeneous cell differentiate into microspore mother cell / pollen mother cell
Each mmc divide meiotically division and form 4 haploid microspore (pollen grain)
Eusporangiate
Types of tetrad , most common/, most of Monocot
Tetrahedral most of dicot , isobilateral , decussate , t shape , liner
Pollen grain is first , as (known as), shape , diameter
Surrounded by outer layer
Inner layer = made
Sporopollenin
Cell of male gametophyte , immature male gametophyte , round , 25-50 micro
Two distinct layer = outer exine = thick , rigid , ornamented , made up of sporopollenin, cutine (lipidj)
Inner intine = thin , soft , elastic , made up of pectin , cellulose
Bio polymer , highly resistant material for temp, ph , enzymes , electric shock
Germspore , monocolpate , tri
Pollen tube
Significant feature of taxonomy
Study of pollen grain
Few place at outer surface exine layer is absent / +nt in very thin layer , Monocot, capsella
The intine come out through any one germ pore during the germination of pollen tube
No of germspore , structure, ornamentation of exine
Palynology
Pollen kit ,
Composed of
Fn
,
,
,
Plant in which pollination takes place by insect , pollen grain having oily layer around the exine , lipids and carotenoids
Oily layer protect pollen grain from Harmful uv rays
Sticky surface help to attach with insect
It’s yellow colour attract insects
Types of germ pore In dicot In monocot
During maturation degeneration occurs of
In mature anther
Circular , colpus germ pore ( lens shaped ) Germinal furrow ( groobe )
1. Middle layer degenerate due to absorption of food by tapetum
2, after releasing of ubisch body tapetum layer degenerate
Only two layer epidermis, Endothecium
___ tissue +nt b/w , ts of mature anther has
Dehiscence of anther takes place during, due to
Who Contract (shape ), who doesn’t
Due to tension
Sterile , both the pollen chamber , only 2 pollen sac
Dry season , due to hygroscopic nature loss of water takes place
Outer layer ( concave / in curved ) , inner and radial wall
Thin wall of Stronium break off
Development of male gametophyte pre , post pollination (name)
In beginning nucleus divide by , result in
Now pollen grain is , pollination changes(no)
Dehiscence of anther in Angiospermae
Insitu, exsitu
Unequal Meiotic division , two unequal size nucleus small generative , big vegetative/tube
Bicelled and binucleated , in 60% Angiospermae other at 3 celled stage
In most is longitudinal
How generative cell enter inside vegetative cell (shape)
Post pollination development takes place on ,why volume of internal of cytoplasm incr
Inside pollen tube generative cell divide
Now male gametophyte comes in
It detach from wall and change into vermiform or spindle shaped structure
Stigma of carpel after pollination , pollen absorb moisture and sugar content from stigma
Mitotically to form 2 non motile gamete
3 celled structure = 2 male gamete , 1 vegetative cell
Male gametophyte stage is
Longest pollen tube , polyspory , largest
Fossils of pollen grain are always found in , hey fever ,,,eg
Highly reduced occur in limited no of cell and completely depend on sporophyte
Maize ( zea may), more than 4 pollen tube formed in tetrach , mirabilis ( 4 o clock
Good condition , pollen grain of some plant present in air cause allergy called aero allergens eg parthenium
Pollen tablet consumption
Viability of pollen grain depend on
30 min, for months
Semen storage
Claimed to increase the performance of athletes and race horses
Temperature and humidity
Poacieace family , rosaceae , leguminoseae , solanaceae family
Cryopreservation in liquid nitrogen ( -196 c)
Unit of gynoecium
Divided definition
,
,
,
Inside ovary called
Carpel / pistil / megasporophyll
Free end of carpel which receive pollen gram , stigma
Long narrow tubular structure which connect stigma to ovary , Style
Basal swollen part of carpel , ovary
Locales , ovarian cavity
Ovule / no +nt in , placenta
Apocarpus
Syncarpus
Funicule
Hilum , represent
Megasporangia one or more than one in ovary , born on cushion like tissue
Free = rose , lotus , michella
Fused = papaver , hibiscus , tomato
Each ovule is attached to placenta by means of thin stalk
Body of ovules fuses with funicle , junction b/w ovule and funicle
Nucellus composed , is known as , what is located
Covered by
Unitegmic ovule eg , bitegmic eg
Tritegmic ovule eg , ategmic
Of mass of parenchyma cell (with abundant reserve food materials) , main part of ovules
Embrysac or female gametophyte
One , two , three coat / protective envelops which are called integuments
Only 1 eg gymnosperm , two intugments (outer inner ) eg most of Angiospermae plants
3 intu = outer, inner , aril eg litchi , 0 intugments eg olax plant
Micropyle
Opposite , represents
Raphe
+nt inside funicle
Integuments encircle the ovule except at tip where a small opening called
Chalaza , basal part of ovule
In ovule of most of plants, funicle is attached to main body of ovule for some distance ( at lateral side ) to form a ridge
Vascular tissue , which supply food material from placenta to body of ovule
Perisperm eg
Caruncle formed , eg
Fn ,,
Residual , persistent black pepper , beet , castor , ginger , turmeric
Formed due to proliferation/ out growth of outer integuments over micropyle , ricinus communis ( castor)
Helps in absorption of water during germination of seeds , dispersal of seeds occurs by ants
Types of ovules basis ,,
Atropous ///, body of ovule position , m,c,h position
Eg , most _____ structure , absent
Hemitropus / , body of ovule bend at ,,,,,
Relationship of micropyle , chalaza , Hilum with body of ovule , orientation of funiculus
Orthotropus ovule , straight , upright , upright ,one straight line
Polygonum , gymnosperm , primitive , simplest type of ovule, raphe
Hemianatropus at 90 degree / perpendicular/ right angle / horizontal/ intermediate of ortho and anatropus
Anatropus body of ovule turned , due , so called
C, m lie , h, m lie , found in (no) , m is facing
Eg
Amphitropus ovule
Cricino type of ovules /
Campylotropus ovules
180 degree , to unilateral growth of funiculus , inverted ovules
In straight line , lie side by side very close to each other , 80% families of Angiospermae
Downward conditions , Malvaceae, cucurbitaceae , solanaceae, composite
Embryo sac become horse shoe shape
Coiled , body of ovule surrounded by funicle
Ovules curves in this way so m, c do not lie in straight line
Megaspore genesis
4 ___ megaspore arranged in During development of ovule ,Nucellus develops from ( structure
Any __^ ___ cell of ,, , why different
Called
Process of formation of megaspore from megaspore mother cell (mmc)
Haploid, linear tetrad , placenta in form of small rounded out growth like
1 hypodermal cell Nucellus, differentiate and increase in size , distinct nucleus
Archesporial cell
Female archesporium divide ____ and form
Psc ( region ) fn , i.e
MMC is , divides to form
Mitotically to form primary parietal , primary sporogenous cell
Directly act as megaspore mother cell ( at micropyler region) , a single MMC is differentiated in micropylar region
Large cell with dense cytoplasm and a prominent nucleus , meiotically to form 4 haploid megaspore
Megaspore genesis
4 ___ megaspore arranged in
Which remain functional m produce
Process of formation of megaspore from megaspore mother cell (mmc)
Haploid, linear tetrad
Generally chalazae end wala , female gametophyte (monosporic
Ploidy of cells Nucellus , MMC, functional megaspore , female gametophyte
1 cell of female gametophyte , then , nutrition
Nucleus of functional megaspore divides , each
____ more sequential _____ ______ division , results in , later
These ____ divisions are strictly
2n,2n,n,n
Megaspore , grow in size , Nucellus
Mitotically to form 2 nuclei , nucleus moves towards opposite pole forming 2 nuclei embryo sac
2 Mitotic nuclear , in formation of 4 nucleate , 8 nucleate stage of embryo sac
Mitotically, free nuclear division
Polar nuclei
__… of ___ nuclei are surrounded by new cell walls
Micropyle end no ( size )
Chalazal end
Out of four ,1 nucleus migrates from each pole
6 out of 8
3 cells ( one is large known as egg cell ,2 are synergids together = egg apparatus
3 cells formed are antipodal or antipodal cells
Polar nuclei +nt , form , after — mitosis in , what is formed , called
Type of embryo sac known as whyyy
Developed from
In large central cell , secondary nucleus (2n) , 3 in megaspore 7 celled & 8 nucleated , female gametophyte / embryo sac of angiosperms
Polygonum type , it was discovered by strasburger in polygonum type
Single megaspore
Filliform apparatus structure =
Fn1
2
Synergids have finger like structure ( special cellular thickening) at micropylar tip
Help synergids to absorb food from Nucellus and transfer it to embryo sac
Also secrete chemicals which attract and guide the pollen tube into synergids
Polygonum type of embryo sac
Oenothera type
7 cell , 8 nucleus
4 nucleus ( 1 central , 3 egg apparatus) ( antipodal cell absent
For formation of mature pollen grain from. Mmc
For the formation of mature male gametophyte
1 meiosis, 1 mitosis
1 Meiotic 2 mitosis
