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Biology 1020 > Plants Pt. 1 > Flashcards

Plants Pt. 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

root system

A

underground

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2
Q

shoot system

A

above ground

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3
Q

vascular plants consist of:

A

root and shoot systems, and apex that extends growth

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4
Q

plant walls consist of:

A

cellulose

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5
Q

What is found in ALL cells?

A

a primary cell wall

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6
Q

primary cell wall arrangement

A

cellulose fibers parallel to microtubules

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7
Q

Do all plants have a secondary cell wall?

A

no

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8
Q

What does a secondary cell wall have that a primary cell wall lacks?

A

additional layers of cellulose and lignin (to increase mechanical strength of wall)

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9
Q

What kind of tissue is for protection?

A

dermal tissue

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10
Q

What kind of tissue is for storage, photosynthesis, and secretion?

A

ground tissue

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11
Q

What kind of tissue is for conduction?

A

Vascular

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12
Q

What are the two categories of vascular tissue?

A

xylem and phloem

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13
Q

What does the xylem conduct?

A

water and dissolved minerals

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14
Q

What is phloem?

A

a nutrient-containing solution

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15
Q

What kind of plants are fleshy and don’t live long?

A

herbaceous

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16
Q

Trees are an example of what type of plant?

A

woody

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17
Q

pressure on plant cell walls; they are hypertonic

A

turgor pressure

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18
Q

clumps of small cells with dense cytoplasm and large nuclei

A

meristems

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19
Q

Where are the meristems located?

A

in the apexes

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20
Q

How do woody plants increase in width?

A

cambium (NOT found in herbaceous plants)

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21
Q

What causes grass blades to extend?

A

intercalary

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22
Q

What gives rise to primary tissues?

A

apical meristems

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23
Q

three primary meristems

A

protoderm, procambium, ground meristem

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24
Q

What is the protoderm?

A

epidermis

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25
Q

What is procambium?

A

the first degree vascular tissue

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26
Q

What is ground meristem?

A

ground tissue

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27
Q

What can be found in plants that exhibit secondary growth? (also give rise to secondary tissues)

A

lateral meristems

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28
Q

How many types of lateral meristems do woody plants have? What are they?

A

two; cork cambium and vascular cambium

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29
Q

Where is cork cambium found?

A

outer bark

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30
Q

What is vascular cambium?

A

second degree vascular tissue

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31
Q

The epidermis is usually ____ cell layer(s) thick.

A

one

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32
Q

What is the fatty cutin layer that covers the dermis?

A

the cuticle

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33
Q

paired sausage-shaped cells; regulator of water loss in plant; good day=open, crappy day=closed

A

guard cells

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34
Q

the passageway for oxygen and carbon dioxide

A

stoma

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35
Q

Where are most stomates located?

A

on the bottom of the leaf

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36
Q

cellular or multicellular hair-like outgrowths of the epidermis

A

trichomes

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37
Q

tubular extensions of individual epidermal cells; greatly increase root’s surface area and efficiency of absorption

A

root hairs

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38
Q

most common type of plant cell

A

parenchyma cells

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39
Q

What is parenchyma that contains chloroplasts called?

A

chlorenchyma (BIG in photosynthesis)

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40
Q

What kind of cells provide support for plant organs, allowing them to bend but not break?

A

collenchyma cells

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41
Q

sclerenchyma cells have ________(thick/thin) walls.

A

thick

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42
Q

What are the two general types of schlerenchyma cells?

A

fibers and schlereids

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43
Q

long, slender cells that are usually grouped in strands

A

fibers

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44
Q

two subcategories of xylem

A

vessels and tracheids

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45
Q

continuous tubes of dead cylindrical cells arranged end-to-end

A

vessels

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46
Q

dead cells that taper at the end and overlap one another

A

tracheids

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47
Q

Vessels are ______ and _____ than tracheas and conduct water ______(more/less) efficiently.

A

shorter; wider; more

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48
Q

termed soft wood; have mostly tracheid xylem

A

conifers

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49
Q

hard wood

A

deciduous

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50
Q

parenchyma cells in horizontal rows

A

rays

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51
Q

the diffusion of water vapor from a plant

A

transpiration

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52
Q

Phloem contains two types of elongated cells:

A

sieve cells and sieve tube members

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53
Q

Do sieve members have nuclei of their own?

A

NO

54
Q

Roots have a much more _______(simple/complex) pattern of organization and development than stems.

A

simple

55
Q

What are the four regions of roots?

A

root cap, zone of cell division (mitosis), zone of elongation, zone of maturation

56
Q

function of the root cap

A

protection of the delicate tissues behind it

57
Q

zone of roots that contains mostly cuboidal cells, with small vacuoles and large central nuclei

A

zone of cell division

58
Q

area in the zone of cell division where cells divide very infrequently

A

quiescent center

59
Q

There is no further increase in size past the zone of _______.

A

elongation

60
Q

Where does the patterning of tissues begin to take place?

A

zone of cell division

61
Q

What happens in the zone of maturation?

A

the elongated cells become differentiated into specific types

62
Q

cells with very thin cuticle, include root hair and non hair cells

A

epidermal cells

63
Q

location of the cortex

A

interior to the epidermis

64
Q

parenchyma cells used for ________

A

storage

65
Q

single layered cylinder impregnated with bands of suberin called casparian strips

A

endodermis

66
Q

all tissues interior to endodermis

A

stele

67
Q

multiple-layered cylinder that gives rise to later roots or the two lateral meristems

A

pericycle

68
Q

How can you identify if a root is dicot?

A

xylem looks like an X

69
Q

plant system with a single large root with small branch roots

A

taproot system

70
Q

root system with many small roots of similar diameter

A

fibrous root system

71
Q

What kind of root system does a monocot plant have?

A

fibrous root system

72
Q

What kind of root system does a dicot plant have?

A

taproot system

73
Q

roots that arise from any place other than the plant’s root

A

adventitious roots

74
Q

purpose of prop roots

A

keep the plant upright

75
Q

purpose of aerial roots

A

obtain water from the air

76
Q

facilitate oxygen uptake (cypress tree)

A

pneumatophores

77
Q

roots that pull the plant deeper into the soil

A

contractile roots

78
Q

roots that penetrate host plants

A

parasitic roots

79
Q

food storage roots typically store a lot of ______

A

carbohydrates

80
Q

water storage roots can weigh:

A

50 or more kg

81
Q

buttress roots help the plant by:

A

providing considerable stability

82
Q

T/F: All plants have chlorophyll.

A

FALSE

83
Q

How many types of plant tissue do stems contain?

A

three

84
Q

first or basic building blocks that develop into leaves or sometimes flowers

A

primordia

85
Q

3 ways leaves may be arranged:

A

alternate, opposite, and whorled

86
Q

most common arrangement of leaves on a plant

A

spiral (alternate)

87
Q

sequential leaves tend to be placed ________ degrees apart.

A

137.5

88
Q

tendency of leaves to be placed a certain way to optimize the exposure of leaves to the sun

A

phyllotaxy

89
Q

point of attachment from leaf to stem

A

node

90
Q

area of stem between two nodes

A

internode

91
Q

flattened part of leaf

A

blade

92
Q

stalk of leaf

A

petiole

93
Q

angle between petiole/blade and stem

A

axil

94
Q

bud that develops into branches with leaves or may form flowers

A

axillary bud

95
Q

bud located at the apex of the stem

A

terminal

96
Q

chemical/hormone that prevents plants from producing more meristem until concentration falls below a tiny level in parts/million

A

auxin

97
Q

_________(monocot/dicot) vascular bundles are usually scattered throughout ground tissue systems.

A

monocot

98
Q

Only ________(monocot/dicot) plants have cambium.

A

dicot

99
Q

How is vascular tissue in eudicots arranged?

A

in a ring with internal ground tissue (pith) and external ground tissue (cortex)

100
Q

Where does vascular cambium develop in dicots?

A

between the primary xylem and phloem

101
Q

Do monocots have secondary growth? Why or why not?

A

no; no vascular cambium

102
Q

most commonly moved super throughout plants

A

sucrose

103
Q

the corky outer layer of a plant stem formed in secondary thickening or as a response to injury or infection

A

periderm

104
Q

What happens after cork tissue cells get impregnated with suberin?

A

they die and constitute the outer bark

105
Q

helps with gas exchange on the stem of plants

A

lenticels

106
Q

swollen underground stems consisting of flashy leaves; perennial in nature

A

bulbs

107
Q

modified stems that superficially resemble bulbs, but have no fleshy leaves; perennial in nature

A

corms

108
Q

horizontal underground stems with adventitious roots; ex. iris

A

rhizomes

109
Q

horizontal stems with long internodes that grow along the surface of the ground; ex. strawberries

A

runners and stolons

110
Q

What is the difference between rhizomes and stolons?

A

rhizomes are underground and stolons are on top

111
Q

swollen tips of rhizomes that contain carbohydrates

A

tubers

112
Q

What are tendrils?

A

extensions of stems or modified leaves that twine around supports and aid in climbing

113
Q

flattened photosynthetic stems resembling leaving

A

cladophylls

114
Q

main site of photosynthesis

A

leaves

115
Q

What kind of veins do monocot leaves have?

A

parallel

116
Q

What kind of veins do dicot leaves have?

A

netted or reticulate veins

117
Q

leaves containing undivided blades; may have teeth, indentations, or lobes

A

simple leaves

118
Q

leaves with blades that are divided into leaflets

A

compound leaves

119
Q

leaflets in pairs along an axis

A

pinnate

120
Q

leaflets radiate out from a common point

A

palmate

121
Q

tissue between the upper and lower epidermis; most photosynthetic processes happen here

A

mesophyll

122
Q

Two types of mesophyll found in dicots:

A

palisade mesophyll and spongy mesophyll

123
Q

type of mesophyll usually in two rows of tightly packed chlorenchyma cells

A

palisade mesophyll

124
Q

type of mesophyll loosely arranged cells with many air spaces between them

A

spongy mesophyll

125
Q

surround true flowers and behave as showy petals

A

floral leaves (bracts)

126
Q

reduce water loss and may deter predators

A

spines

127
Q

plantlets capable of growing independently into full-sized plants

A

reproductive leaves

128
Q

succulent, cone-shaped leaves that allow photosynthesis underground

A

window leaves

129
Q

leaves that are larger in surface area but with less mesophyll than sun-lit leaves

A

shade leaves

130
Q

leaves that trap insects

A

insectivorous leaves

Biology 1020 (5 decks)

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