Chapter 26-The Tree of Life

Question 1

The Earth formed as a hot mass of molten rock about ___ BYA.

Answer 1

4.5

Question 2

Hypothesis that life arose spontaneously from chemically-rich early waters and life may have infected Earth from some other planet.

Answer 2

Panspermia

Question 3

Contains gases that act as reducing agents

Answer 3

reducing atmosphere; gases include CO2, N2, H2O, and H2

Question 4

Who experimented and reproduced the early reducing atmosphere?

Answer 4

Miller and Urey

Question 5

___ may have been the first genetic material.

Answer 5

RNA

Question 6

building blocks of amino acids

Answer 6

proteins

Question 7

What innovations contributed to diversity od life?

Answer 7

• Eukaryotic cells
• sexual reproduction
• multicellularity

Question 8

________ divided living things into plants and animals.

Answer 8

Aristotle

Question 9

Linnaeus instituted the use of…

Answer 9

two-part names

Question 10

binomials

Answer 10

two-part names

Question 11

The science of classifying living things.

Answer 11

Taxonomy

Question 12

A level of classification is called a _____.

Answer 12

Taxon

Question 13

Levels of the Linnaean Hierarchy from most shared to least shared.

Answer 13

• Domain
• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species

Question 14

“tree of life” generated by cladistics

Answer 14

cladograms

Question 15

__________ proposed a six-kingdom system.

Answer 15

Carl Woese

Question 16

Transfer of genes by means other than traditional reproduction.

Answer 16

Horizontal Gene Transfer (HGT)

Question 17

most abundant organism on Earth

Answer 17

bacteria

Question 18

species

Answer 18

a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding

Question 19

“nature’s recyclers”

Answer 19

bacteria; extract nitrogen from the air and recycle carbon and sulfur

Question 20

prokaryotes that are more closely related to eukaryotes

Answer 20

archaea

Question 21

characteristics of archaea

Answer 21

• cell walls lack peptidoglycan
• membrane lipids are branched
• distinct rRNA sequences
• divided into 3 main groups

Question 22

3 main groups of archaea

Answer 22

methanogens, extremophiles, nonextreme archaea

Question 23

methanogens

Answer 23

use H2 to reduce COs and CH4

Question 24

extremophiles

Answer 24

• thermophiles=high temps
• halophiles=high salt
• acidophiles=low pH

Question 25

nonextreme archaea

Answer 25

grow in the same environment as bacteria

Question 26

Eukaryotes appeared about ____ BYA.

Answer 26

2.5

Question 27

___________ have an extensive endomembrane system that divides the cell into functional compartments.

Answer 27

Eukaryotes

Question 28

Mitochondria and chloropasts most likely gained entry by _________, or one cell engulfing another.

Answer 28

endosymbiosis

Question 29

Mitochondria derived from:

Answer 29

purple nonsulfur bacteria

Question 30

Chloroplasts derived from:

Answer 30

cyanobacteria

Question 31

4 eukaryotic kingdoms

Answer 31

protista, fungi, plantae, animalia

Question 32

protista

Answer 32

-unicellular with few multicellular organisms

Question 33

largely multicellular organisms, each is a distinct evolutionary line derived from a unicellular protist

Answer 33

fungi, plantae, and animalia

Question 34

key eukaryotic characteristics

Answer 34

compartmentalization, multicellularity, sexual reproduction

Question 35

compartmentalization

Answer 35

allows for increased sub cellular specialization

Question 36

multicellularity

Answer 36

allows for differentiation of cells into tissues

Question 37

sexual reproduction

Answer 37

allows for greater genetic diversity