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BB10005 > Plants, Organs, Tissues, Cells and Meristems > Flashcards

Plants, Organs, Tissues, Cells and Meristems Flashcards

1
Q

3 plant organs

A

roots
stems
leaves

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2
Q

root functions

A

anchors plant
absorbs minerals and water
stores carbohydrates

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3
Q

Primary root

A

first root (and organ) to emerge from a germinating seed

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4
Q

taproot system

A

most eudicots and gymnosperms have one, consists of a taproot and lateral roots

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5
Q

taproot

A

main vertical root

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6
Q

Lateral roots (taproot system)

A

or branch roots, that arise from the taproot

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7
Q

Fibrous root system

A

Most monocots have one, consists of adventitious roots and lateral roots

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8
Q

Adventitious roots

A

arise from stem or leaves

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9
Q

Lateral roots (fibrous)

A

arise from adventitious roots

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10
Q

why does absorption of water and minerals happen at root hairs

A

Incr SA

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11
Q

Prop roots

A

hala tree- tall and heavy

roots for support

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12
Q

Buttress roots

A

Tropical forests, root systems of trees are very shallow

Aerial (above ground) roots form buttress structures to support the tree

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13
Q

‘strangling’ aerial roots

A

seeds of strangler fig germinate in the branches of tall trees, send aerial roots into the soil
Eventually host tree dies through shading by fig leaves

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14
Q

Pneumatophores

A

Mangroves produce these negatively geotropic roots to get O2 which is lacking in the mud they grow in

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15
Q

Storage roots

A

Sugar beet storage roots store water and sugar

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16
Q

stem consists of

A

alternating system of nodes, points at which leaves are attached
Internodes, stem segments between nodes

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17
Q

Axillary bud

A

potential to form a lateral shoot, or branch

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18
Q

Apical bud

A

or terminal bud

near shoot tip and causes elongation of a young shoot

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19
Q

Rhizome (stem mistaken for root)

A

Horizontal shoots that grow just below surface

in Iris

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20
Q

Stolons (mistaken for roots)

A

Strawberry plant

Horizontal shoots that grow along soil surface and allow asexual reproduction of plantlets at nodules along the stolon

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21
Q

Tubers

A

enlarged end of rhizomes or stolons for storing food

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22
Q

Bulbs

A

eg onion

vertical underground shoots that store food

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23
Q

leaves

A

consist of flattened blade and stalk called the petiole, which joins the leaf to a node of the stem

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24
Q

Monocots

A

have parallel veins

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25
Q

Eudicots

A

Have branching veins

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26
Q

3 leaf shapes

A

simple leaf, compound leaf, doubly compound leaf

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27
Q

Tendrils

A

Modified leaves that plants use to cling to objects
Once attached the tendril coils pulling teh plant closer to the support
Pea plants
Some tendrils are modified stems

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28
Q

Spines

A

Modified leaves

In cacti PS carried out in fleshy green stem (not spines/leaves)

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29
Q

Storage leaves

A

eg in ice plant store water

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30
Q

Reproductive leaves

A

reproductive leaves of some succulents eg kalanchoe form adventitious plantlets that fall off and take root in the soil

31
Q

Dermal tissue

A

protective layer (outermost)

32
Q

Vascular tissue

A

continuous transport system arranged differently in each organ (innermost)

33
Q

Ground tissue

A

where most metabolic functions take place (middle)

34
Q

Nonwoody plants

A

Dermal tissue system is a single tissue called the epidermis

A waxy coating called the cuticle helps prevent water loss from epidermis

35
Q

Woody plants

A

Protective tissues called periderm replace epidermis in older regions of stems and roots
Trichomes are outgrowths of the shoot epidermis and can help with insect defence

36
Q

Vascular tissue system

A

Carries out long distance transport of materials between roots and shoots

37
Q

2 vascular tissues

A

xylem and phloem

38
Q

xylem

A

water and dissolved minerals upward roots to shoots

39
Q

Phloem

A

Transports organic nutrients from where made to where needed

40
Q

stele

A

vascular system of stem or root

41
Q

Ground tissue system

A

tissues that are neither dermal nor vascular

42
Q

Pith

A

ground tissue internal to vascular tissue

43
Q

Cortex

A

ground tissue external to the vascular tissue

44
Q

Ground tissue includes cells specialised for

A

storage, PS, support

45
Q

Parenchyma

A 
have thin and flexible primary walls
Lack secondary walls
The least specialised
Perform the most metabolic functions
Retain the ability to divide and differentiate
46
Q

Components of parenchyma

A

large central vacuole
In leaves they contain chloroplasts
In stems and roots they contain colourless plastids that store starch (amyloplasts)
Can differentiate into other types of cells
Entire plant can be grown from a parenchyma cell

47
Q

Collenchyma cells

A

grouped in strands and help support young parts of the plant shoot
Thicker and uneven walls
Lack secondary walls
Cells provide flexible support without restraining growth
Elongated living flexible cells grouped in bundles/layers that provide support to young stems

48
Q

sclerenchyma cells

A

rigid due to thick secondary cell walls strengthened by lignin
Dead at maturity
Two types: sclereids and fibers

49
Q

sclereids

A

short and irregular
thick lignified secondary walls
Impart hardness to seed coats and nut shells, and texture to pear fruits

50
Q

Fibers

A

long and slender and arranged in threads

51
Q

water conducting cells of the xylem

A

at maturity the cells die, contents disintegrate leaving lignin-hardened CW
2 types: tracheids and vessel elements

52
Q

Tracheids

A

long, thin with tapered ends
Movement of water between them via pits
found in xylem of almost all vascular plants

53
Q

Vessel elements

A

wider, shorter, thinner walled, less tapered than tracheids
Movement of H2O between vessel elements through perforated end walls.
Align end to end to form long micropipes called vessels

54
Q

sugar-conducting cells of the phloem

A

sieve tube elements, alive at functional maturity

55
Q

sieve tube elements lack

A

nucleus, ribosmes, vacuole and cytoskeleton, allows them to conduct nutrients

56
Q

Sieve plates

A

porous end walls that allow fluid to flow between cells along the sieve tube

57
Q

companion cell

A

along each sieve tube element
non-conducting
Nucleus and ribosome serve both cells
In some plants they load sucrose into the sieve tube elements

58
Q

Meristems

A

generate cells for P and S growth

59
Q

indeterminate growth

A

plant can grow throughout its life

60
Q

determinate growth

A

some plant organs eg leaves, flowers cease to grow at a certain size

61
Q

Apical meristems

A

at tips of roots and shoots and at axillary buds of shoots
Elongate shoots and roots, primary growth
In non woody plants primary growth produces virtually all the plant body

62
Q

Lateral meristems

A

In woody plants add thickness to shoots and roots, known as secondary growth
Two lateral meristems: vascular cambium and cork cambium

63
Q

vascular cambium

A

adds vascular tissue layers called secondary xylem (wood), and secondary phloem

64
Q

Cork cambium

A

replaces epidermis with periderm, which is thicker and tougher

65
Q

primary growth of roots

A

root tip covered by root cap, protects apical meristem as root pushes through soil
Growth occurs behind root tip in 3 zones of cells: zone of cell division, elongation and differentiation

66
Q

in eudicots root

A

xylem and phloem at centre

Stele is a vascular cylinder and xylem often has starlike appearance with phloem between the ‘arms’

67
Q

In moncots root

A

root has parenchyma at centre

core of parenchyma surrounded by rings of xylem then phloem

68
Q

How do lateral roots arise

A

From within the pericyle, the outermost layer in the vascular cylinder

69
Q

primary growth of shoots

A

shoot apical meristem is a dome shaped mass of dividing cells at the shoot tip

70
Q

primary growth of shoots

A

shoot apical meristem is a dome shaped mass of dividing cells at the shoot tip
Leaves develop from leaf primordia along the sides of the apical meristem
Axillary buds develop from meristematic cells left at the bses of leaf primordia
Axillary buds give rise to lateral shoots

71
Q

Eudicot stems

A

vascular tissue has vascular bundles in a ring

72
Q

Monocot stems

A

Vascular bundles scattered throughout the ground tissue

73
Q

tissue organisation of leaves

A

Leaf epidermis has stomata, which allow CO2 and O2 exchange between air and Photosynthetic cells, and release H2O
Each stoma flanked by 2 guard cells, regulate opening and closing

74
Q

Mesophyll

A

Ground tissue in a leaf

Two layers in eudicots: palisade mesophyll, spongy “ (allows for GE)

BB10005 (27 decks)

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