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Cellular Communications > Plants Communiations > Flashcards

Plants Communiations Flashcards

1
Q

what is thigmonasty?

A

plants response to touch

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2
Q

what controls plant size?

A

vacuole by osmosis

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3
Q

what happens when thigmonasty occurs?

A

ions flow into outer cells of pulvini. Up regulation of aquaporin & H+ - ATPases (proton pump).

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4
Q

what happens to turgor pressure upon touch ?

A

increases/ decreases due to osmosis, outside cells increase in size

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5
Q

What signals do plants use to respond to their environment ?

A

Electrical, hydraulic, chemical

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6
Q

What does the phloem do?

A

moves sugars produced by photosynthesis from their source to sinks (non-photosynthetic tissue)

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7
Q

what does the xylem do?

A

water from the soil to atmosphere.
hollow and dead.
can convey info needed about nutrient availability +soil microbes.

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8
Q

xylem in drought response?

A

signals from draught- stressed roots cause guard cells to close, reduce respiration, preserve water.

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9
Q

How do plants long distance communicate?

A

Vascular system

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10
Q

What molecule signals for more phosphate uptake?

A

microRNA (miR399)

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11
Q

shoot to root communication ?

A

roots are phosphate limited, microRNA (miR399) moves through phloem to root, signal for more uptake.

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12
Q

What protein do plants use to initiate reproduction?

A

Flowering Lotus T (FT)

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13
Q

Time to reproduce?

A

Correct season, FT and its orthologs move from leaves to shoot apex… reproductive growth.

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14
Q

How to plants locally communicate?

A

cell to cell via; Symplastic, Transcellular, Apoplastic.

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15
Q

Symplastic communication?

A

PLASMADESMATA, gap junctions, connects the cytoplasmic space between plant cells.

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16
Q

How do plasmadesmata open and close?

A

regulated by callose deposition in cell wall

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17
Q

Transcellular communication?

A

need specific carriers in membrane; transporters OR diffusers OR vesicle secretion.

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18
Q

Apoplastic communication?

A

Travel in extracellular space between plant cells.
Enter cytoplasm via transporters or carriers.
Might bind to receptors… further signalling

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19
Q

What are the 3 signalling steps in plants ?

A

Perception –> Transduction –> Response

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20
Q

Signal perception and Transduction basic pathway in plants: What are the 3 transduction pathways that can occur?

A

1) metabolic emzymes –> altered BioChemistry
2) cytoskeletal protein –> altered cell growth or shape
3) TF –> altered gene transcription

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21
Q

What signals are perceived by receptors to initiate signal transduction? X9

A 
hormones
peptides
RNA molecules
ions
metabolites 
ROS 
gravity
light
oxygen
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22
Q

What is the first layer of plant immunity?

A

detection of MAMPS (Microbe Associated Molecular Patterns)

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23
Q

What is MAMPS?

A

conserved molecules in pathogens that can evoke an immune response as they activate receptor.

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24
Q

What are the key features or MAPS? X4

A

not required for infection.
not strictly found in pathogens
often surface exposed
not present in host

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25
Q

How are MAMPS recognised?

A

Via pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs), triggers plant defence response.

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26
Q

Bacterial pathogen binding response in cell…?

A

1) Ca2+ influx –> kinase cascade leading to transcriptional response –> defence response.
2) ROS production either to transcription response or DIRECT to defence response.

27
Q

Fungal pathogen binding response in cell…?

A

kinase cascade leading to transcription response –> defence response.

28
Q

What are the 2 categories of PRR’s ?

A

1) LRR-RKs (Leucine-rich repeat receptor kinases)

2) lysM receptor proteins

29
Q

Key feautures of a LRR-RKs ?

A 
extracellular = leucine rich domain 
intracellular = kinase domain
30
Q

Name the 3 PRRs

A

FLS2, EFR, XA21

31
Q

Name the 3 MAMPs to the PRRs

A

flagellin, EF-tu, Ax21

32
Q

Name the MAMPs of the lysM receptor proteins

A

Chitin, unknown

33
Q

What kind of MAMPS receptors are used in plants vs animals? (taken from example in lecture)

A

Animals: LRR (TLR5)
Plants: LRR (FLS2 & BAK1)

34
Q

What do the animal and plant receptors signal once bound to MAMPS sequence?

A

Animals: MyDD8 –> MAPks –> TFS
–> NF-kB
Both transcribe cytokine defence

Plants: Kinase –> MAPs –> WRKYs –> transcribe defence
related genes

35
Q

What are effectors?

A

When a pathogen delivers molecules inside their host cell to interfere with immunity, these molecules are called effectors.

36
Q

What is the second immune response ?

A

resistance protein (NLRs), second class receptor

37
Q

What happens after Perception?

A

ROS production, MAPK cascade, antimicrobials, plant hormones.

38
Q

In-depth process of PRR FLS2 receptor (via ROS)

Step 1…

A

PRR can recognise small fragments in flagellin of bacterium called Flg 22

39
Q

In-depth process of PRR FLS2 receptor (via ROS)

Step 2…

A

activation of co-receptor complex BAK 1 protein.

40
Q

In-depth process of PRR FLS2 receptor (via ROS)

Step 3…

A

Leads to phosphorylation of BIK1, inside cell.

41
Q

In-depth process of PRR FLS2 receptor (via ROS)

Step 4…

A

In turn activates NADPH oxidase, RBOHD1, activate oxygen species.

42
Q

In-depth process of PRR FLS2 receptor (via ROS)

Step 5…

A

Trigger oxygen production

antimicrobial activity + stress signal

43
Q

What do phytohormones help with in a plant?

A

Synthesised when needed

Small molecules help with stress

44
Q

How do phytohormones move in a plant?

A

move by xylem and phloem across cellular membranes
through regulated transport proteins
can be membrane bound or soluble
important in plant immunity

45
Q

What are 2 phytohormones?

A

Salicylates and Jasmonates

46
Q

What is the degrading enzyme for both phytohormones?

A

NahG; bacterial enzyme degrading

47
Q

What is the receptor for Salicylic acid (SA)?

A

NPR 1 Oligermeric in cytosol

48
Q

What happens when SA binds to its receptor

A

Changes from oligomeric to monomeric state and can enter nucleus.
Activate TF –> defence related gene expression.

49
Q

What is the other outcome of SA binding to its receptor?

A

STRESS PROTEOME. In cytosol, NPR1 can condensate a protein complex and regulate.

50
Q

What does SAR stand for ?

A

Systemic Acquired Resistance

51
Q

What happens when a pathogen is recognised in a plant? (SAR)

A

STP (Signal Transduction Pathway)

52
Q

What does STP cause in plant SAR?

A

hypersensitive response, kills infected plant cells.

53
Q

What is released before death of cell in SAR?

A

antimicrobial molecules and SA

54
Q

What is the effect of SA being released by many cells in the plant?

A

SA induces a signal transduction pathway and antimicrobials are produced.

55
Q

What are the physiological responses of SAR?

A

strengthening cell wall

Antimicrobials

56
Q

what are 3 examples of Antimicrobials ?

A

phytoalexins, chininases, PR proteins.

57
Q

What is the receptor for Jasmonate?

A

COI-1

58
Q

What is the repressor protein that binds to TF on JA response gene?

A

JAZ

59
Q

What are the co-repressor proteins that bind to repressor called?

A

NINJA & TPL

60
Q

What increases JA levels ?

A

Pathogen infection

61
Q

What happens when JA levels increase ?

A

JA bind to COI-1 receptor

62
Q

What molecules make up the receptor complex of JA receptor ?

A

COI-1 and SCF

63
Q

What is the role of the receptor complex in JA receptor?

A

Catalyses unbiquitination of target protein to 26S proteasome for degradation

64
Q

What happens when JA bind to receptor complex?

A

JAZ attracted to to JA. JAZ bind to JA and sent for degradation, transcription of JA response gene can occur.

Cellular Communications (7 decks)

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