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Bio Speciation > plants and animals > Flashcards

plants and animals Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The responses/behaviours of plants and animals are…

A

adaptations for survival and reproduction

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2
Q

5 adaptive behaviours of plants and animals

A
  1. find favourable environmental conditions
  2. ensure supplies of essential resources (water, oxygen, nutrients, energy)
  3. reduce both forms of competition
  4. avoid predators
  5. find a mate of the same species
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3
Q

Adaptive advantage refers to

A

any adaptation that promotes survival of organisms, increasing changes of breeding success and contributiong successful alleles

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4
Q

Abiotic factors (at least 5)

A

temperature, light intensity, salinity, humidity, pH, water, oxygen levels, CO2 levels mineral levels, substrate

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5
Q

Biotic factors

A

competition, mutualism, exploitation, predation, parsitism

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6
Q

Four main points of plants and animals

A
  1. Orientation in space (tropisms and nastic movement
  2. orientation in time - annual, daily, tidal, lunar
  3. interspecific relationships - predation and parasitism
  4. intraspecific relationships - heirarchies, territory, co-operation, and reproduction

HOW a response occurs and WHY - why the response is an adaption to the organism’s ecological niche

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7
Q

Ecological niche is….

A

the way an organism has adapted in response to the habitate in which it lives - where it lives, how it lives.

Actual niches are set by biotic factors - speciifcally interspecific

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8
Q

Fundamental niche is…

A

the niche the organism would occupy if all necessary environmental conditions were met

Set by organism’s tolerance to abiotic factors

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9
Q

realised niche is…

A

actual niche the organism occupies

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10
Q

Gauses principle

A

If two niches have large overlap then competition becomes severe, it’s likely that one species will outcompete and therefore eliminate the other

the greater the overlap, the greater the interspecific competition

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11
Q

Orientation responses are….

A

innate - genetically determined not learned - that allow organisms to find favourable conditions

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12
Q

Tropisms are…

Plants

A

growth movements either towards or away from external stimulus (phototropism, chemotropism, geotropism, thigmotropism, hydrotropism

auxin - produced in the cell’s growing tips digguse down to elongate cells

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13
Q

Nastic movements are…

Plants

A

rapid reversible movements of part of a plant in response to CHANGES in the INTENSITY of a stimulus

NOT FROM A DIRECTIONAL RESPONSE

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14
Q

Taxes are…

Animals

A

rapid movements either towards or away from a stimulus - chemotaxis, geotaxis, phototaxis.

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15
Q

Kineses are…

A

non-directional movements in response to a stimulus with intensity determining the rate of movement

Orthokinesis - intensity of stimulus determins the rate of moevement
Klinokinesis - intensity of stimulus determines the rate of turning when moving

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16
Q

Homing…

A

a response in which an animals regularly returns to a nest site - requires internal clocks

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17
Q

Migration is…

A

a response in whcih members of a species move from one geographical location to another isolated geographical location

imigration is innate

18
Q

Long distance migrations have evolved and continue to exist becuase…

A

the advantages must outweigh the costs, migration offers greater reproductive success compared to non-migration

19
Q

Navigation through Landmarks is…

A

when the animal recognises familiar landmarks to guide it’s travel

20
Q

Nagivation through Solar Navigation is…

A

an animal keeping a set able to the sun when moving, it will move in a straight line

Internal clocks are necessary for the animal to change orientation to the sun through it’s migration

21
Q

Navigation through Stellar Navigation is…

A

nagivation through constellations - internal clock reequired

22
Q

Nagivation through Magnetic fields

A

Earth’s magnetic fields to nagivate (birds, whales, turtles, and bees)

23
Q

Navigation through Chemical trails is…

A

scent trails animals use to find their way to a destination (like ants)

24
Q

nagivation through sonar (sound reflection) is…

A

the ability for animals to navigate using echolocation or sonar

25
Q

Nocturnal
Crepuscular
Diurnal

A

activity during the night
activity during dawn or dusk
activity during the day

26
Q

Zeitgeber is…

A

The environmental cue that sets an internal clock to cue tiem of onset and offset of activity

27
Q

Entrained activity is…

A

when the organism’s activity is set to a particular zeitgeber

28
Q

Endogenous vs Exogenous

A

Endogenous is when activity rythms are under the control of an internal clock while Exogenous is determined by external rhythms

29
Q

Free-run period is…

A

the period of the activity in constnat conditions

30
Q

Endogenous rhythms:
Circannual
Circalunar
Circasemilunar
Circadian
Circatidal

A

Free-running rythm displays a period of:
365 days
30 days
15 days
24 hours
12 hours

31
Q

Phase shift is…

A

When a zeitgeber is introduced and the organism’s activity starts to coincide with the onset of the zeitgeber.

32
Q

The internal lock is under what control?

A

Genetic control through several genes through the hypothalamus that stimulates hormones and responses.

33
Q

Adaptive advantage of having activity controlled by environmental cues.

A
  1. it allows an organism to anticipate the onset of favourable conditions, therefore gaining max advantage
  2. allows animals to prepare for activities such as migration to increase survival
  3. Activities can be synchronised with favourable conditions
34
Q

Explain short day plants vs long-day plants and how phytochrome determines

A

Angiosperm plants are either short day or long day plants. Short day plants need a photoperiod of less than a certain day lengths. Long day plants need a photoperiod of greater than a certain critical day length. Phytochrome is a light-sensitive pigment that allows plants to respond to photoperiod. P(red) is absorbed from the sunlight and converts to P(far-red). During the night, the unstable P(far-red) converts back to P(red) slowly.
the slow convertion and accumulation of either P(far-red) or P(red) is what influences which type of plant it is.

35
Q

empty or vacant niche refers to…

A

a situation when an organism moves into a new environment and niches are ‘available’ or when exisitng organisms become extince and a niche is open to be ‘filled’

36
Q

Intraspecific competition is much…

A

fiercier than interspecific as individuals of same species have the same niches and need the same recources

37
Q

Territories are… and they help too… between individuals

A

areas occupied by an individual or group that has defined or marked boundaries and is defended from all other members of that species. Territories help to reduce competition for resources between individuals

38
Q

How does a territory reflect an organism’s strength?

A

by the size of the territory in which they are able to successfully defend

39
Q

Home range is…

A

a larger area that provides animals iwth essential resources taht is shared by others of the same species. Home ranges may also surround territories

40
Q

Adaptive significance of territories includes (5 reasons)

A
  1. provides a safe space to breed
  2. control intraspecific aggression
  3. enhance reproductive success
  4. provides food supply
  5. contribute to fitness of the species in that only stronger individuals will establish and maintain territories
41
Q
A

Bio Speciation (5 decks)

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