Human Evolution Flashcards
Biological evolution in humans include…
Structural adaptations (bipedalism, manipulative hands, brain development), physicological (internal temp regualtions), instinctive behaviours (reflexes). this evolution is determined by natrual selection and slow genetic change.
Hominins are…
a subgroup of hominids including all living and fossil species belonging to the human lineage. A distinguishing features of hominins is bipedalism
Cultural evolution results from… Aspects are… Cultural evolution tends to be… However, it depends on…
Cultrual evolution results from the transission of learned knowledge from one generation to another. Knowledge results from higher level thinking and is stored as memory or written form - including ideas, beliefs and customs. Aspects of this are tool technology, controlled use of fire, langauge, religion, art, spirituality, politics, farming, settlements, food gathering, music, science, and maths. Cultrual evolution tends to be rapid and accelerates. However, it depends on a complex brain and an ability to learn adn communicate whcih are results of biological evolution.
Bipedal adaptations include:
- Centralisation of foramen magnum
- reduction of nuchal crest
- Flattening of the ribcage
- during of the spine in to an S
- bowling of the pelvis
- elongation of the lower limbs
- increase in valus angle (femur-knee joint)
- enlargement of lateral femoral condyle
- big toe is forward facing and develompent of longitudinal arch
Advantages of bipedalism are…
height advantage (spot predators), efficient long distance (hunting), freeing of hands, thermoregulation (reduction in body hair and exposure to sun)
Disadvantages of bipedalism are…
increased curvature of the back (chronic lower back problems), more stress on hips and knees, stress on feet (flat feet), varicose veins, birth difficulties, offspring are largely helpless
the manipulative hand is likely the…
greatest advantage from habitual bipedalism as it allowed for the precision grip.
Homo erectus dates back to about… with developments of …
1.8 mya
first hominins to leave africa
Broca’s and Wernicke’s area development
Acheulean stone tools
Controlled fire
changes in the skulll adn brain are related to both…
biological and cultural evolution enhanced by bipedalism, diet, fire and cooking, icnreased size and complexity of the brain
How changes in diet changed the skull…
smaller jaws, reduced saggital crest and zygomatic arch, smaller molars and more unifrom teeth. Less prognathism, flatter faces, and parabolic jaws. No need for large jaws and large chewing muscles - selected against as a waste of energy and matericla in development.
Changes associated with the brain include…
- increase in size/volume
- increase in complexity and specialisation
- Presence of Broca’s (sound organisation) and Wernick’s area (interpretation of speech)
improvements in brain size and complexity and functioning are related…
improvements in diet both in quantity and quality
The quantity and quality of deit was result of linked developments:
- freeing of hands in bipedalism
- stone tool development
- effective hunting and processing of food,
- cooking
- more meat in diet from greater hunting success
- more protein and fat and omega-3 oils
positive feedback loop
Earliest hominins identified as…, … , and …
“Sahelanthropus tchadensis” - lived 7 mya in Chad)
Orrorin tugenensis (ARDI) - lived 6 mya
“ardipithicus ramidus” - lived 4.4 mya displaying mixture of ape and human features
How are australopithecines characterised?
bipedal, small brains, small stature, variation in sexual dimorphism, dentition similar to later hominins
* A. anamensis - 4mya “lucy” - conclusive evidence of bipedalism
* A. africanus - 3 mya - known as gracile as they have a slender form
trends in australopithecus genus include:
- increase in cranial capacity, height, and weight
- increase centrality of formmen magnum and lower limbs for bipedalism
- loss of diastema, increasing parabolic jaw, smaller canines, reduced prognathism
- higher forhead and smaller brow ridges