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Biology > Plants and Animals > Flashcards

Plants and Animals Flashcards

1
Q

innate

A

Coded for in genes

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2
Q

Learned behaviour

A

From experience/teaching

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3
Q

taxis

A

Directional movement of animal towards (+)or away from (-) a stimulus

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4
Q

kinesis

A

Non-directional movement of an animal due to change in intensity of a stimulus

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5
Q

tropism

A

Directional growth response of part of a plant towards (+) or away from (-) a stimulus

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6
Q

nasty

A

Rapid reversible non- directional movement of part of a plant

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7
Q

photo-

A

light

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8
Q

ortho

A

Rate of movement

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9
Q

klino

A

Rate of turning

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10
Q

thermo-

A

heat

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11
Q

hydro-

A

water/humidity

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12
Q

geo- or gravi-

A

gravity

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13
Q

chemo-

A

Chemicals (food etc)

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14
Q

thigmo-

A

touch

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15
Q

rheo-

A

current

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16
Q

auxin

A

is a plant hormone that tiggers differential growth of plant cells when present

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17
Q

homing

A

Ability of an animal to find its way home even over unfamiliar ground, this requires navigation and migration

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18
Q

migration

A

regular mass movement of a population from one geographically defined location to another and back again (between habitats)

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19
Q

navigation

A

Use of environmental cues for orientation

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20
Q

Solar compass

A

Using sun’s position in the sky, also requires internal timing mechanism

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21
Q

Stellar compass

A

Using position of constellations in the sky, also requires internal timing mechanism

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22
Q

Magnetic compass

A

Using Earth’s magnetic compass to orientate

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23
Q

Rhythm

A

Regular pattern of behaviour - may be endogenous or exogenous

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24
Q

Biological clock

A

Internal timing mechanism

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25
Q

endogenous

A

Rhythm (pattern of behaviour) controlled by biological clock, not reliant on environmental cues

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26
Q

exogenous

A

Rhythm (pattern of behaviour) reliant of environmental cues - will not persist without them

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27
Q

Free running period

A

Length of time between beginning of one activity period and the next, only in endogenous rhythms

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28
Q

zeitgeber

A

Environment cue which triggers activity

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29
Q

Phase shift

A

Change in phasing of a circadian rhythm usually because of change in environment

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30
Q

entrainment

A

What an environmental cue/zeitgeber can do to a rhythm, as in sunrise is the zeitgeber that entrains the human endogenous rhythm

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31
Q

circalunar

A

Approx monthly

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32
Q

circaannual

A

Approx 365 days

33
Q

circatidal

A

Approx 12 ½ hours

34
Q

circadian

A

Approx 24 hours

35
Q

Diurnal (of circadian)

A

Active in daylight

36
Q

Nocturnal (of circadian)

A

Active in darkness

37
Q

Crepuscular (of circadian)

A

Active at dawn and dusk

38
Q

photoperiod

A

Hours of suAnlight in a 24 hour period (daylength)

39
Q

phytochrome

A

Pigment which exists in 2 forms, used to determine photoperiod

40
Q

LDP - Long Day plant

A

A plant that requires the night period to be LESS than the critical length. Pfr ACTIVATES flowering and gence flowering requires high levels of Pfr. A short of burst light restes Pfr levels to be high enough to induce flowering

41
Q

SDP- Short Day plant

A

A plant that requires the night period to EXCEED the the critical length. Pfr INHIBITS flowering and hence flowering requires low levels of Pfr. A short of burst light , there is too much Pfr remaining and flowering is inhibited

42
Q

CDL

A

Critical day length

43
Q

Hibernation

A

Seasonal activity of an animal where the animal lowers its metabolic rate and temperature, conserving energy in an extended ‘torpor’, usually occurs in winter

44
Q

Interspecific relationship

A

Members of different species interact

45
Q

mutualism

A

Interspecific relationship where both species benefit

46
Q

exploitation

A

Interspecific relationship where one species benefits and one suffers

47
Q

predation

A

Exploitation relationship where an animal hunts kills and eats another animal prey

48
Q

herbivory

A

Exploitation relationship where an animal eats a plant

49
Q

parasitism

A

Exploitation relationship where a parasite lives on/in another host organism, using it for food

50
Q

ectoparasite

A

Lives on the outside of its host

51
Q

Endoparasite

A

Lives inside the host

52
Q

Brood parasitism

A

Exploitation relationship/reproductive strategy where the brood parasite lays its young in a member of another species’ nest where that host organism will incubate/feed/nurture the young (+/-)

53
Q

commensalism

A

Interspecific relationship where one species benefits and one is seemingly unaffected (+/-)

54
Q

allelopathy

A

Interspecific relationship where one species is seemingly unaffected while the other suffers - the unaffected species makes and produces a chemical which inhibits growth of the other (0/-)

55
Q

Interspecific competition

A

Where members of 2 different species require/fight.compete for the same resources, therefore both species suffer (-/-)

56
Q

Intraspecific relationship

A

Where members of the same species interact

57
Q

Intraspecific competition

A

Where members of the same species require/fight/compete for the same resources

58
Q

Agonistic behaviour

A

Aggressive behaviour within one species

59
Q

Ritualised aggression

A

Between members of one species, warnings/postures that mean actual harm not caused to the other (almost playfighting)

60
Q

hierarchy

A

Ranking order of dominance, established through trials of strength, but once established reduces agonistic aggression

61
Q

dominant

A

Higher up a hierarchy, likely to hold themselves higher, bare weapons

62
Q

submissive

A

Lower down a hierarchy, likely to hold themselves lower, look downward, appease

63
Q

territory

A

Area actively defended by an individual or breeding pair etc, contains the valuable resources, likely to be marked

64
Q

Territorial behaviour

A

Marking territory, warning, baring weapons, calling, defending to the death if necessary

65
Q

Home range

A

Larger area surrounding a territory where an animal spends time looking for food/mates but does not defend. Home ranges can overlap

66
Q

Pair bond

A

Mating relationship lasts longer, likely for raising young

67
Q

K strategy parenting

A

Parents invest energy in young, likely to have fewer young but protect them, feed them, teach them and delay further parenting - increased survival of few young

68
Q

r strategy parenting

A

Parents invest little or no energy in young, have large numbers and only the fit survive, parents can reproduce again quickly

69
Q

Altruistic behaviour

A

Co-operative behaviour between unrelated individuals of the same species

70
Q

Kin selection

A

Co-operative behaviour between related individuals

71
Q

Synchronise

A

SAP - Synchronise with other member of species

72
Q

Anticipate

A

SAP - Anticipate change

73
Q

Prepare for activity

A

SAP - Prepare for activity

74
Q

Pr

A

A form of phytochrome that rapidly converted to Pfr in presence of light.

75
Q

Pfr

A

A form of phytochrome, is slowly reverted back to Pr in darkness

76
Q

Phytochrome - Pr & Pfr Process

A

During the day Pr absorbs red light, which coverts it quickly to Pfr, and at night the conversion of Pfr to Pr is slow, as it is absorbing far red light.

77
Q

Migration requires

A

a return journey

78
Q

Purpose of migration

A

driven by breeding in favourable environment, movement tomake use of available food source, for better protection from predators and to avoid extremes in climate.

Biology (3 decks)

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