Human Evolution

Question 1

Bipedalism

Answer 1

A form of terrestrial locomotion, organism move using rear 2 limbs

Question 2

Foramen magnum

Answer 2

More centrally located, this is an advantage due to heavy skull to be more balance on the spine (due to shift of centre of gravity)

Question 3

Pelvic Bone

Answer 3

More bowl shaped with larger surface area, this is an advantage as more attachment site for walking muscles and support for torso when upright walking, helps as a shock absorber and stress during long distance walking

Question 4

Foot changes

Answer 4

Opposable toe, arched foot, this is an advantaged as it benefits thrust and less energy for walking, arch food enables more support and less injury

Question 5

Arm ratio

Answer 5

Ratio reverse in bipeds , leg to arm, as more energy is used from leg

Question 6

Valgus angle of the Femur

Answer 6

Larger Valgus angle of the femur, more support, allows legs to swing and disruptive lumbering

Question 7

S shaped spine

Answer 7

S shaped spine changes, bodys centre of mass directly under feet, allowing upright stance and supporting upper body mass, supports from stress of body walking upright and pillar for even wight disruption and acts as a shock absorber

Question 8

Selection Pressures

Answer 8

Climate influence on veg, more bipedal movement means less sun (thermoregulation), easily walk long distances, more food, mate selection taller more agressive males = more mates

Question 9

Selection Pressures results in

Answer 9

increased survival, improved reproductive success and therefore carry on this trait to the offspring

Question 10

Cultural evolution

Answer 10

transmission of knowledge from 1 generation to the next, not genetics by learning

Question 11

Bio evolution

Answer 11

occurs through genetic change and involve the transfer of DNA from one gene to another

Question 12

Homo Habilis & Oldowan Tools

Answer 12

2.4 - 1.5 MYA, only 1 face struck from a rock (round stone 1 face chopped), oldowan choopper used by hablis = improved hunting, ablity to get food from WITHIN PLANTS - offering more claleoires and longer lifspance - increases lifespace INCREASE REPRODUCTIVE SUCESS!

Question 13

Homo Erectus & Acheulaian Tools

Answer 13

1MA - 300,000, control of fire, enhanced tool technology, coppertaive hunting FORM postivie feeback loop

Question 14

Multiregional Hypothesis

Answer 14

Countiual movement of genes between popluations. Thus homo spainas veolued out at the same time in these areas

Question 15

Multiregional Hypothesis evidence

Answer 15

Fossils thats half way between home ereus and homo spanains have been found in Asia, DNA eveidence shwos interbredding

Question 16

Replacmenet theory/ out of africa theory

Answer 16

no moevemnt of genese bwteen popluations, homo spaines deveoplme in afraica then movement out aorund 2 thousands years agi and took over the wolrd replcace other popluations

Question 17

Replacmenet theory/ out of africa theory eveidence

Answer 17

Homon spaian fossils found in africa at the SAME time as homo eteys and homo netruths (didnt all ebeolve at the same time)

Question 18

Brocas Area

Answer 18

devopled for speech production is important for long tirps to keep group togther and understandimg

Question 19

Nuclear DNA

Answer 19

can be gaianed and sueqened to look for genes to comapre hominos and gatehr info on traits AND would show similary in genes and hthe ycould see what proteins the homoins share to work linages out

Question 20

wernickes area

Answer 20

important fior compreshagsion of understanding directions to get all ging the same way and undersatnd reason for movement

Question 21

Frontal lobe development

Answer 21

for ideas of migration/ see consequences of actions/ prolem solving, which would be important when crossing water wats

Question 22

MtDNA

Answer 22

Mitochondria are inherited from mother only (mtDNA) as it is carried in the gg (the sperm mitochorndria does not get through). So easy to see muattaions over time would provide knwolege if grups from the same mitochonrdia is ysed as a type of moleculrar clock/ to work out time from diverge as muatations are added up (per site)

Question 23

y chromosomal DNA

Answer 23

inherteid from father obly and only undergoes linited recomoobitions therefore can be used to work out time from diverefe as muataions are added up

Question 24

nulcear DNA