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Biology 1020 > Plants > Flashcards

Plants Flashcards

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1
Q

How did plants evolve?

A

Plant ancestors diverged from protists about 1.5 billion years ago with a branch shared with animals and fungi

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2
Q

The transition to land for plants was hard, list 3 problems and their solutions

A

Greater temperature extremes–stomata controlled by guard cells
Reduced water availability–development of xylem, roots/rhizoids and presence of sporopollenin (in spores), protected gametangia/gametes
Variable nutrient availability–development of xylem/phloem, seeds with food reserves, apical meristems
Light fluctuation–apical meristems/reinforced cell walls
Exposure to UV radiation–protective flavonoids/pigments, protected gametangia
Higher evaporation rates (wind)–waxy cuticle, stomata controlled by guard cells

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3
Q

What is a common ancestor of all plants?

A

Group of green algae called Charophytes

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4
Q

What is the most diverse group of plants?

A

Angiosperms = flowering plants

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5
Q

Approximately how many species of plant are there?

A

400,000

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6
Q

What to plants do?

A

Supply O2 and use CO2

Provide food source

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7
Q

What are five key traits that appear in plants?

A
  1. Alternation of generations (multicellular, dependent embryos)
  2. Walled spores
  3. Multicellular gametangia (produce gametes)
  4. Apical meristems
  5. Development of vascular tissue (xylem and phloem)
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8
Q

What other characteristics allowed plants to survive?

A

Cuticle and secondary chemical defence compounds

Symbiotic associations with fungi

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9
Q

Explain the process of alternation of generations

A

Gametophytes (haploid) produces gametes (haploid) in mitosis

Gametes fuse to produce sporophyte (diploid) which produce spores (haploid) in meiosis

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10
Q

Explain the process of walled spores produced in protective sporangium

A

Sporophyte produces spores in sporangium (multicellular)
Diploid cells in sporangium undergo meiosis to generate spores (haploid) that germinate into gametophyte
Spore walls contain sporopollenin that resists harsh environments

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11
Q

Explain the process of multicellular gametangia producing gametes

A

Gametes produced in gametangia (multicellular)
Female gametangia = archegonia: produce eggs/site of fertilization
Male gametangia = antheridia: sperm production and release

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12
Q

In apical meristems plants sustain…

Cells from apical meristems can…

A 
Continual growth (tips of shoots and roots)
Differentiate into various tissues
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13
Q

Development of vascular tissue
Xylem contains…
Phloem contains…

A

Water

Sugars

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14
Q

Plant that lacks vascular tissue

A

Nonvascular plant

  • liverworts
  • mosses
  • hornworts
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15
Q

Plants that have vascular tissue

A

Vascular plants

  • lycophytes
  • ferns and horsetails
  • gymnosperms
  • angiosperms
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16
Q

Define Bryophytes

A
  • first to diverge after move to land (unique life cycle)
  • small, simple, tough
  • Small size due to constraints on fertilization (sperm requires water and can only move short distance)
  • Simple structure–flattened photosynthetic structures (thallus) – only a few cells thick, lack internal air spaces, no water conducting system
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17
Q

What stage dominates the life cycle of Bryophytes?

A

Haploid gametophyte stage–larger than sporophyte
Independent (photosynthetic) and most viable
Supports non-photosynthetic sporophyte (less conspicuous)

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18
Q

How to Bryophytes work?

A
  1. Diffusion-absorb water and CO2
  2. Lack waxy cuticle to reduce water loss
  3. Require moist/wet environment (can tolerate some desiccation)
  4. Poor competitors (small size)
  5. Ecological importance
19
Q

Explain Sphagnum

A
  • Peat bogs
  • found in boreal forest
  • key role: creating acidic/wet conditions that slow decomposition
  • produce phenols
  • store large amounts of organic carbon
  • vulnerable to climate change
20
Q

List 3 characteristics to vascular plants

A
  1. Diploid sporophyte stage dominates life cycle
  2. Evolved vascular tissue (xylem and phloem)
  3. Less dependent on water for reproduction
21
Q

Explain the dominate life cycle stage of vascular plants

A

Diploid sporophyte stage

  • larger/independent
  • supports smaller dependent gametophyte
22
Q

What are the seedless vascular plants?

A

Lycophytes

Ferns/horsetails (Pterophytes)

23
Q

Fossil ancestors show leaf-like structure and xylem cylinder
Grew to considerable size during wet period (400 million years ago)
Disappeared when climate change and swamps dried up
Decomposed slowly-buried forming coal deposits
Currently much smaller
Have simple veneration, roots and can tolerate desiccation
WHAT AM I?

A

Lycophytes

Ex. Selaginella-resurrection plant

24
Q

What is the other name for ferns and horsetails?

A

Pterophytes or pteridophyte = monophyletic group

Most members are ferns –have coiled leaves that uncoil during growth/development

25
Q

What is the dominate life stage of ferns/horsetails?

A

Sporophyte dominates life cycle

  • larger than gametophyte
  • independent (photosynthetic) most visible
  • protects small photosynthetic gametophyte
26
Q

List the 3 parts of ferns/horsetails

A
  1. Fronds (divided into smaller units called pinnae)
  2. Stems grow underground (invasive)
  3. Vascular tissue allows plants to grow larger (size limited by lack of secondary vascular tissue)
27
Q

How did seeds change plant evolution?

A
  1. Allowed them to become dominate producers on land
  2. Seed plants do bot require external water source for fertilization
  3. Seeds consist of embryo and endosperm (nutrients)
  4. Pollen also important (dispersal of male gametes)
28
Q

What are the two groups of vascular seed plants?

A

Angiosperm (seeds and fruit)

Gymnosperm (seeds)

29
Q

Gymnosperms

A
  • divided into 4 groups
  • have naked seeds (not enclosed by ovaries)
  • adapted to drier conditions
  • cone bearing-Conifers
30
Q 
Have large cones and palm-like leaves
Can live in nutrient-poor conditions
Few species exist today
Have insect pollination/animal dispersal
Most are on endangered species list
WHAT AM I?
A

Cycads

31
Q

Only one living species (Ginkgo Biloba)
High tolerance for air pollution
Ornamental tree with health benefits
WHAT AM I?

A

Ginkgos

32
Q

Most are evergreens
Continue photosynthesis year-round
Tolerate cold dry conditions
Have xylem consisting of unique cells called tracheids
Have secondary xylem growth (produces wood for support/strength)
Produce chemicals to deter insects/fungi
WHAT AM I?

A

Conifers

33
Q

What are the 3 key features of gymnosperm life cycles?

A
  1. Dominance of sporophyte generation
  2. Development of seeds from fertilized ovules
  3. Transfer of sperm to ovules by pollen (wind)
34
Q

Gymnosperms VS. Angiosperms

A

Gymnosperms can outcompete angiosperms in cold and dry climates (freeze/thaw cycles)
Fewer problems with gas bubbles in xylem tracheids

35
Q

Comprised of three genera-vary in appearance
Some are tropical but others live in deserts
Have traits similar to angiosperms (multicellular xylem vessels and double fertilization)
WHAT AM I?

A

Gnetophytes

36
Q

Characteristics of angiosperms

A
  • have protected seeds (enclosed by ovaries)
  • better suited to life on land
  • most widespread diverse group
37
Q

Why is the diversity of angiosperms still a mystery/what is a theory?

A

May be due to slower rates of species loss rather than faster rates of species formation

38
Q

What is 1 of the 3 innovations evolved by angiosperms, then explain

A
  1. Flowers
    - specialized shoot structure for sexual reproduction
    - to attract animal pollinators
    - contribute to diversity (reducing likelihood that rare species go extinct)
  2. Double fertilization
    - more efficient use of energy for reproduction
  3. Fruits
    - forms after fertilization
    - consist of mature ovary (may include other flower parts)
    - evolved to protect seeds/aid in dispersal
    - can be either fleshy or dry (nuts)
39
Q

What are the 3 rare groups of angiosperms?

A

AM or Ella
Water lilies
Star anise and relatives

40
Q

Magnoliids

A

Include magnolias, laurels, black pepper, avocados

Common in early angiosperm evolution in tropics

41
Q

Monocots

A
  • 25% of angiosperms
  • food crops (rice, wheat, corn)
  • other economically important plants (bamboo, orchids, tulips)
42
Q

Eudicots

A
  • 75% of angiosperms
  • economically important plants (food, forests, gardening, health)
  • interesting plants (carnivorous, parasitic, epiphytes)
43
Q

Monocot characterisitcs

A 
Scattered vascular tissue
Parallel veins
One cotyledon
Floral organs in multiples of 3
Pollen grain with 1 opening
Fibrous root system (no main root)
44
Q

Eudicot characteristics

A 
Vascular tissue arranged in a ring
Netlike veins
Two cotyledons
Floral organs in multiples of 4 or 5
Pollen grain with 3 openings
Taproot (main root)

Biology 1020 (9 decks)

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