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Cliffs AP Biology > Plants > Flashcards

Plants Flashcards

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1
Q

Angiosperms (2 types)

Categorized by number of ___________ which are tissues for ________ of ___________ for developing seedling.

A

Dicotyledons and monocotyledons.

Cotyledons, storage, nutrition

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2
Q

Leaf venation (2 types)

A

Netted or parallel organization of veins.

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3
Q

Vascular bundles are made up of ________ and _________ and located in the stems. They can either be ________ or ___________.

A

Xylem and phloem.

Circular or scattered.

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4
Q

Root (2 types)

A
  1. Taproot - large single root

2. Fibrous system (cluster of fine roots)

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5
Q

Seed plants (2 types)

A
  1. Gymnosperm (conifer)

2. Angiosperm (flowering)

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6
Q

3 plant tissues

A
  1. Dermal tissue
  2. Ground tissue
  3. Vascular tissue
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7
Q

Dermal tissue: made up of ________ cells and functions to ______________________. Cells excrete _______.

A

Epidermis; provide covering; cuticle

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8
Q

Ground tissue: three types differing in ______ _______.

A
  1. Parenchyma
  2. Collenchyma
  3. Sclerenchyma
    Differ in cell wall
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9
Q

Parenchyma cells

  • most common of _____ tissue
  • have _____ walls
  • has various functions such as _______, ________, ________.
A

Ground
Thin
Storage, photosynthesis, secretion

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10
Q

Collenchyma

  • cells of ______ tissue
  • has ______ but _______ cell walls.
  • its function is to provide ________ ________.
A

Ground
Thick, flexible
Mechanical support

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11
Q

Sclerenchyma

  • cells of ________ tissue.
  • have ___________ and ________ cell walls.
  • like collenchyma, provides ________ ________.
A

Ground
Thickest, inflexible
Mechanical support

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12
Q

Vascular tissue: made up of ________ ________ that include the ________ and ________.

A

Vascular bundle, xylem, phloem

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13
Q

Xylem tissue

  • main function is ________
  • made up of mostly ________ cells
  • has two types of cells
A

Conduction of water
Dead
Tracheids, vessel elements.

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14
Q

Tracheids

  • cells of ________ tissue of vascular bundle
  • physically ________ and ________
  • has ________ where water passes
A

Xylem
Long and tapered
Pits (areas with thin or nonexistent secondary cell walls)

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15
Q

Vascular elements/membranes

  • cells of ________ that are ________ and ________.
  • has ________ that allow ________ water flow.
A

Xylem, short and wide

Perforations, efficient

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16
Q

Phloem

  • part of ________ ________
  • main function is ________
  • made up of ________ ________
  • has ________ and ________ ________
  • associated with ________ ________
A 
Vascular bundle
Translocation: conduction of sugar
Sieve membranes/tubes
Pores and sieve plates
Companion cells
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17
Q

Seed: consists of ________ ________, ________(for dicots)/________(for monocots), and ________ which is made up of ________, ________, ________, and ________.

A

Seed coat, cotyledon/endospore, embryo - pumule, epicotyle, hypocotyle, radicle.

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18
Q

Embryo of seed:

  1. Plumule - ________ ________ at the highest point of an embryo.
  2. Epicotyle - second highest point of embryo that becomes the ________.
  3. Hypocotyle - middle point of embryo that also becomes the ________.
  4. Radicle - lowest point of embryo that becomes the ________.
A
  1. Young leaves
  2. Shoot
  3. Shoot
  4. Root
19
Q

In monocots, a sheath called ________ surrounds and protects the epicotyle, emerging at first as ________ but ultimately becoming a protective sheath.

A

Coleoptile, leaves

20
Q

Germination: growth of seed begins with ________ absorption which activates ________ that catalyze ________ ________ such as respiration. ________ absorption also causes the seed to ________ which exposes the ________ that becomes the ________. Next, ________ elongates to become a young ________.

A

Water, enzymes, biological processes.
Water, crack, radicle, root.
Hypocoptyle, shoot.

21
Q

3 zones of growth during germination:

  1. Zone of division - ________ part of root and contains ________ ________ cells that are ________ and divide.
  2. Zone of elongation - where root grows long.
  3. Zone of cell maturation/differentiation - ________ cells differentiate.
A
  1. Lowest, apical meristemic, undifferentiated

3. Meristemic

22
Q

Primary growth: development of primary tissue, extends ________ of plants.
Secondary growth: development of secondary tissue, extends ________ of plants.

A

Length

Girth/width

23
Q

4 parts to primary structure of roots:

  1. Epidermis - produce ________ ________ that increase absorption of ________; these are produced at the zone of ________ and eventually die at the zone of ________.
  2. Cortex - ________ of the root that stores ________ and provide ________ for respiration.
  3. Endodermis - has ________ which is a ________ substance and a ________-impenetrable barrier.
  4. Vascular cylinder - also called ________.
A
  1. Root hairs, water, elongation, maturation.
  2. Bulk, starch, spores.
  3. Suberin, water
  4. Stele
24
Q

3 parts of primary structure of stems

  1. Epidermis - has ________ and provides coverage.
  2. Cortex - contains ________.
  3. Vascular cylinder - contains ________, ________, and ________.
A
  1. Cuticle
  2. Chloroplast
  3. Xylem, phloem, pith
25
Q

6 parts of secondary structure of stems and roots:

A
  1. Periderm
  2. Cortex
  3. Phloem
  4. Vascular cambian
  5. Xylem (sapwood)
  6. Xylem (heartwood)
26
Q

3 parts of the periderm:

A
  1. Cork - suberin (fatty substance)
  2. Cork cambian - produces new cells that are shed off.
  3. Phelloderm
27
Q

Vascular cambian is made up of _________ cells that are _________ and produces _________ cells.

A

Meristemic, undifferentiated, new

28
Q

Xylem sapwood: _________ over the years and is active in _________ _________.
Xylem heartwood: only function is _________.

A

Thickens, water transport.

Structure.

29
Q

_________ of xylem ad result of the cycle between _________ and _________.

A

Rings, growth and dormancy.

30
Q

8 basic structures of a leaf:

A
  1. Cuticle - barrier to reduce transpiration
  2. Upper epidermis
  3. Palisade mesophyll
  4. Spongy mesophyll - has spaces for CO2
  5. Vascular bundle - xylem, phloem, bundle sheath cells
  6. Lower epidermis
  7. Guard cells
  8. Stomata
31
Q

Water transport: water and nutrients enter the plant through its _________ _________ by _________.

A

Root hairs, osmosis.

32
Q

Two pathways for water transport:

A
  1. Apoplast pathway - nonliving pathway involving water movement through dead cell walls
  2. Symplast pathway - living pathway involving water movement through cytoplasm and plasmodesmata.
33
Q

3 mechanisms of water transport

A
  1. Osmosis - water is forced up to the xylem by a concentration gradient/root pressure. Guttation describes the droplets of water and nutrients on leaves in the morning.
  2. Capillary action
  3. Cohesion/tension theory - reason for most consumption.
34
Q

Cohesion/tension theory: one of the mechanisms for water transport, has three parts.

A
  1. Transpiration - evaporation of water by plants, causing negative pressure.
  2. Cohesion - water molecules aggregate to form one large polymer
  3. Bulk flow - evaporation that pulls polymer of water, causing most movement of water through plants.
35
Q

Control of stomata: stomata is passageway for _________. It is surrounded by _________ _________ that enlarge with _________ consumption.

  1. Stomata _________ at high temperature.
  2. Stomata _________ at low CO2 concentration.
  3. Stomata _________ in morning and _________ at night.
  4. When stomata opens, _________ diffuse into the guard cells, increase in this ion’s concentration creates a gradient for _________ _________ into _________ _________. Also, the concentration of _________ ion increases to balance the gradient. _________ from ionization of other molecules in the cell also pumped out of the cell to match gradient.
A

CO2, guard cells, water.

  1. Close
  2. Close
  3. Open, close
  4. K+, diffusion of water, guard cells. Cl-, H+
36
Q

Translocation: _________transport by _________ from _________ to _________.

A

Sugar, phloem, source, sink.

37
Q

Pressure-flow hypothesis of sugar transport:

  1. Sugar enters _________ _________ and move by _________ _________.
  2. _________ enters _________ _________ as a result of concentration gradient created by sugar.
  3. This pressure moves _________ and _________ from _________to _________.
  4. Pressure is reduced when _________ is utilized.
A
  1. Sieve-tube elements, active transport.
  2. Water, sieve-tube elements.
  3. Sugar and water, source to sink.
  4. Sugar.
38
Q

5 plant hormones

A
  1. Auxin (IAA - indoleacetic acid) - promotes cell growth of by facilitating elongation of developing cells.
  2. Gibberellins - promotes cell growth by bolting or rapid elongation of stems.
  3. Cytokinins - promotes cell division, delays senescence (sprayed on cut flower)
  4. Ethylene - promotes ripening of fruit, inhibits elongation of roots, stems, and leaves. Leaf abscission - aging and dropping of leaves.
  5. Abscisic acid (ABA) - inhibits growth by maintaining seed dormancy. Counterbalanced by gibberellins.
39
Q

Plant response to stimuli:
Tropism - _________ _________ in response to stimuli.
3 types of tropism.

A

Growth patterns

  1. Phototropism: response to light
  2. Gravitropism: response to gravity
  3. Thigotropism: response to touch.
40
Q

Photoperiodism: plant response to changes in _________ of _________ and _________. Also initiates _________ and involves protein _________.

A

Length of day and night. Flowering, florgen.

41
Q

Circadian rhythm:

Endogenous:

A

Measures day and night lengths.

Possessing internal clock that is not influenced by external cues to reset.

42
Q

Photochrome: protein modified with a _________-_________ _________ and involved in _________.

A

Light-absorbing chromophore, photoperiodism.

43
Q

5 facts of photoperiodism:

A
  1. Photochrome far-red (Pfr) resets circadian rhythm.
  2. Photochrome red (Pr) synthesized in plant leaves.
  3. Pr converted to Pfr by exposure to far-red light.
  4. Pfr and Pr are in equilibrium during daytime.
  5. Pr accumulates at night because no daylight to convert it to Pfr.

Cliffs AP Biology (6 decks)

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