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Bio 152 > Plants > Flashcards

Plants Flashcards

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1
Q

4 Things Required for Plant Growth

A

Water (decides plant distribution)
Energy/Light (determines plant architecture)
Gas exchange (photosynthesis during day, respiration at night)
Mineral Nutrition (influences plant health)

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2
Q

Green algae—->land plant progenitors & non-vascular plants—->vascular plants—>seed plants

A

chlorophyll a and b, stacke membrane in chloroplast, egg and sperm—->cutile, stoma—>vascular tissue for transport and support—> reproduction in dry environments b/c of seeds and pollen

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3
Q

Cell wall

A

provides structure and protection

Results in lack of mobility of whole organism and seed dispersal

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4
Q

plant adaptive response

A

growth

so plants need to grow entire life, unlike animals.

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5
Q

Characteristics of Plant Growth

A

Indeterminate: plant does not grow to a certain size/shape
Reiterative: organized in repeating units

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6
Q

Phyllotaxy

A

patterns of leaf insertion

opposite/alternate/whorled

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7
Q

Meristems

A

organized set of undifferentiated cells that divide frequently in an organized fashion.

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8
Q

Define tissue

A

integrated group of cells with a common structure and form

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9
Q

Differentiated cells

A

assume specialized structure and function will divide infrequently if at all.

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10
Q

Apical meristems

A

the topmost meristem
makes avxin which suppressed growth of axillary meristems
controls lengthening/primary growth

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11
Q

SAM

A

shoot apical meristem

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12
Q

RAM

A

root apical meristem
New cells below RAM=root cap
New cells above RAM=root; primary lengthening growth

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13
Q

Apical dome

A

Site of meristem
Has condensed chromosomes
Look for DNA synthesis
Grows upwards and leaves daughter cells behind

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14
Q

Auxiliary Meristems

A

backup if apical meristem damaged

control secondary/thickening growth

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15
Q

Vascular Cambium

A

inner ring
makes vascular tissues
New cells inside=xylem
New cells outside=phloem

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16
Q

Cork Cambium

A

New cells added outside of original cells=periderm (bark)

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17
Q

intercalay/basal meristems

A

at base of leaves or internodes and add cells in these areas

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18
Q

Advantage of intercalay meristems

A

safe from grazing animals (not goats though, bastards.)

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19
Q

Dermal layer

A

outermost layer
“skin”
one cell thick

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20
Q

Cuticle

A

waxy outer waterproof layer made of cutin

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21
Q

Trichomes

A

break air motion
prevent water loss
defense

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22
Q

guard cells

A

surround stomata (breathing holes)

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23
Q

ground tissue

A

most of cells in plant body
basic cells processes occur (photosynthesis)
3 types: parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma

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24
Q

Parenchyma

A

unspecialized
thin walled
soft and fleshy

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25
Q

Collenchyma

A

thicker but uneven walls
strong flexible tissues like leaf stems (petioles)
example celery stalks

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26
Q

Sclerenchyma

A

very thick walls
often dead at maturity
example: fibers used in clothing and nut shells/pits

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27
Q

Xylem tissue

A

contains water conducting cells
dead at maturity
structural support (wood)

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28
Q

Phloem tissues

A

conducting cells transport food from sources to sinks

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29
Q

Shoots

A

leaves and stems
autotrophic nutrition
green
dry environments

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30
Q

Roots

A

heterotrophic nutrition by respiration
moister environments
no cuticle
colorless/no chloroplast

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31
Q

Functions of Roots

A

anchorage and support
food storage
absorption of water and minerals

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32
Q

Epiphytes

A

plants that grow on other plants like orchids

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33
Q

examples of tap root systems

A

carrots potatoes radishes prairie grasses

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34
Q

Root Cap

A 
produces mucilage (slime)-soil lubricant
sheds cells that can live in soil
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35
Q

Stele

A

vascular tissue down center of root

surrounded by meristematic tissue called pericycle

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36
Q

pericycle

A

meristematic tissue gives rise to root branches which are different from root hairs

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37
Q

root hairs

A

made of cytoplasm
made of mature cells
die and are replaced quickly

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38
Q

Apoplastic transport

A 
passive transport (diffusion) through cell wall
cell walls hydrophilic and filled with pores
water, minerals less than 10,000 daltons can easily pass
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39
Q

Apoplasm

A

all cell walls in a tissue

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40
Q

transport across plasma membrane

A

via channel
passive or active depending on concentration gradient
required molecular fit with either channel or transporter

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41
Q

symplastic transport

A

passive
less than 1000 daltons but this is an average
movement in cytoplasm

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42
Q

symplast

A

all cytoplasm in a tissue

connected through plasmodesmata

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43
Q

monocots

A 
1 seed leaf
vascular bundle separated
parallel venation
no secondary growth
flower parts in threes
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44
Q

Dicots

A 
2 seed leaves
vascular tissue in rings
net venation
secondary growth
flowering parts in 4s or 5s
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45
Q

Where should cell membrane be?

A

right before stele for largest capacity of water allowed through

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46
Q

Endodermis

A

boundary between the cortex and the stele, has casparian strip in it

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47
Q

casparian strip

A

in the endodermis, waxy barrier that forces stuff to pass through the endodermis plasma membrane

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48
Q

vascular bundle arrangement dicot vs monocot

A

dicot: cylinder arrangement
monocot: scattered

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49
Q

Purpose vascular system

A
  1. thickening, secondary growth

. strengthening-weight bearing (reason for cylindrical arrangement in dicots)

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50
Q

Characteristics xylem conducting cells

A
  • function best when dead
  • huge cell walls
  • lignin in cell walls-contributes to strength
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51
Q

Parts of the tracheary system

A
  1. tracheid

2. vessel elements

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52
Q

Tracheid characteristics

A

primitive
slanted end walls with pits
gymneosperms have only these

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53
Q

Vessel elements characteristics

A 
evolutionarily newer
joined to form vessel
end walls dissolve fully or partially through perforation plates
form straight tubes
more efficient than tracheids
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54
Q

sieve elements

A

phloem conducting cells

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55
Q

companion cells

A

provides protiens, ribosomes, metabolic products and other support to sieve tubes

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56
Q

Water potential rule #1

A

water flows from regions of low solute concentration to regions of high solute concentration (through osmosis0

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57
Q

Water potential rule #2

A

positive pressure (pushing on solution) can be used to counteract the flow

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58
Q

water potential rule #3

A

suction/negative pressure can be used to augment/increase the flow (syringe/straw)

59
Q

water potential equation/components

A

=pressure contribution (+ or -) –osmotic pressure (always negative but this equation makes up for that)

60
Q

water potential definition

A

tendency of water to leave an area so water will always move from high water potential to low water potential

61
Q

guttation

A

exudation of xylem sap at tips of vascular plants. happens at night when transpiration does not happen but there is still a push from root pressure

62
Q

Why is solute potential always negative?

A

because water flows from high water potential to low water potential. When solute concentration increases, you want the water potential to decrease so water goes there

63
Q

Why does long distance xylem transport require negative pressure?

A

there needs to be an additional force pulling water/stuff up tree besides adhesion/cohesion and pressure from the roots. Because the air has a much lower water potential than all parts of the plant, stuff is pulled/sucked up/out of the tree.

64
Q

Properties of water that facilitate xylem transport

A
  1. adhesion: water sticking to hydrophilic surfaces

2. cohesion: tendency of water molecules to stick together

65
Q

Phloem transport entails what?

A

Requires positive pressure

drives sugars from source tissues to sink tissues

66
Q

Low surface area/volume ratio photosynthetic organ set up

A

used in deserts

minimizes transpiration and water loss

67
Q

High surface area/volume ration photosynthetic organ set up

A

in places with good water access
temperate zones
maximum light exposure

68
Q

Mid surface area/volume ratio photosynthetic organ set up

A

used in succulent plants

69
Q

Stomata

A

breathing holes in cell epidermis

Guard cells control how open and closed stomata are

70
Q

Palisade mesophyll

A

densely packed parenchyma

houses chloroplast and receives light

71
Q

Spongy mesophyll

A

loosely arranged parenchyma cells

has lots of pockets for gas exchange to occur

72
Q

Lower epidermis

A

thinner than upper epidermis

has lots of guard cells and stomata

73
Q

Two characteristics of guard cells

A
  1. radial hoops of cellulose

2. thickening of inside wall (towards stomata)

74
Q

Stomata in high water conditions

A

stomata open because water potential inside cell is less than water potential outside

75
Q

Stomata in low water conditions

A

stomata close

water potential inside greater than outside

76
Q

Guard cell mechanisms

A

change concentration of K+.

  • to open stomata, [K+] increased so solute potential decreases and so does total water potential**
  • to close stomata, [K+] decreased inside cell so solute potential increased as does total water potential
77
Q

Leaf water content

A

if high, stomata open (low [ABA])
if low, stomata close (high [ABA})
happens by hormone signalling of “drought” horomone ABA

78
Q

[CO2]

A

stomata open if low

stomata close if high

79
Q

Effect of light on stomata opening/closing

A

If perceive blue light, open

if dark, close

80
Q

Hierarchy of plant needs

A

water
high low
CO2 closes
high low
light opens
high low
open close

81
Q

sugar to starch. water potential?

A

water potential increases

82
Q

morphological adaptations to dry environments

A

cactus: leaves are spines
succulents: low SA/volume ratio
trichomes: break air speed, move air away from stomata
Pines: needles, stomata sunken into pites with trichomes

83
Q

behavioral adaptations to dry environments

A

desert trees: flip day/night cycles
prairie plants: turn leaves relative to sun
deciduous habit

84
Q

Biochemical adaptations to dry environments

A

C4 and CAM plants

85
Q

C4 photosynthesis

A 
calvin cycle in bundle sheath
less water lost when converting carbon dioxide
stomata closed for majority of day
use lower levels of CO2
tropical grasses, sugar cane, corn
86
Q

CAM

A

day/night cycles flipped
stomata open at night, collect CO2
closed during day to restrict water loss
desert plants/plants under severe water stress

87
Q

Macronutrients

A 
Carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
phosphorus
nitrogen
sulfur 
K+: osmotic balance
Mg2+: in chlorophyll and for enzymatic activity
Ca2+:cellular glue and signalling molecule
88
Q

Commercial fertilizers

A

Nitrogen phosphorus potassium

89
Q

Soil-Mineral-Root relationship

A

soil is basic, holds acidic minerals
roots acidify soil, neutralizing it
roots absorb freed minerals

90
Q

Mobile elements

A

move readily through vascular system
Mg2+
older leaves gives minerals to younger ones
old yellow, new green if difficient

91
Q

Immobile elements

A

cells hold on to elements once they are to final destination
FE2+
old leaves green, new yellow if deficiency in plant

92
Q

Nitrogen Fixation

A

extremely expensive
turns atmospheric N2 into NH3
done by cyanobacteria and Rhizobium

93
Q

bacteria legume symbiosis

A

plant-rhizobium signalling leads to root hair curling
infection thread
bacteria colony
differentiation into bacteriods
O2 is poisonous to bacteria so O2 levels kept low by leg hemoglobin

94
Q

carnivory

A

plants eat animals

live in bogs–>acidic, nitrogen deprived environments

95
Q

Life History Patterns

A
  1. annuals: grow and reproduce in single season
  2. Biennials: grow in one season and reproduce in the next (tap root plants)
  3. Perennials: live multiple years, spend a fraction of a given year on reproduction (bulbs, trees, shrubs)
96
Q

Masting

A

production of massive amounts of fruits/seeds in a season (oaks-acorns, bamboo)

97
Q

Asexual Reproduction

A

suitable for stable environments/ones with competition for resources
no meiosis gametes, or sexual fusion
offspring produced by mitosis=clones
examples: strawberries, banyan trees, aspen

98
Q

totipotent cells

A

unrestricted developmental potential

can assume any differentiated cell type

99
Q

Sexual Reproduction

A

alternation of generations

evolutionarily smarter

100
Q

two generations of sexual reproduction

A
  1. diploid: sporophyte generation (plants produce spores)

2. haploid: gametophyte generation (plants produce gametes

101
Q

Sexual Plant life cycle

A 
diploid (2N)
meiosis produces haploid spores (1N)
mitosis to form gametophyte (1N)
gametes produces through mitosis
sexual fusion to form zygote (2N)
diploid adult again
102
Q

Three parts of flowering plant reproduction

A
  1. flower
  2. double fertilization
  3. fruits
103
Q

Flowers

A

modified shoot for reproduction

product of SAM

104
Q

Flower development

A

receptacle: base formed by first cells
sepals: leaf-like. protective covering for bud
Petals: attract pollinators
stamen: functionally male
carpels: functionally female

105
Q

Complete/incomplete flower

A

has all 4 flower parts

does not have all 4 flowering parts

106
Q

Perfect flower/imperfect flower

A

stamen and carpels

one or the other

107
Q

Inflorescence

A

collection of all flowers on a plant

example: corn: tassel flowers have stamen only, ear flowers have carpels only

108
Q

Parts of Stamen and function if applicable

A

Filament

anther: under goes meiosis and mitosis to produce pollen

109
Q

Parts of carpels and function is given

A

Stigma: receives pollen
Style: transports pollen to ovary
Ovary

110
Q

Pistel

A

consists of stigma style and ovary

111
Q

Ovule

A

undergoes meiosis and mitosis

houses embryo sac which is multicelluar haploid and produces female gametes (egg)

112
Q

Pollination

A

delivery of pollen from anthers to stigma

NOT fertilization

113
Q

Physical problems of plant reproductions

A
  1. dispersal: pollen is non-motile

2. selfing

114
Q

Solution to dispersal problem

A
  1. wind transport

2. pollinator transporters. Food rewards given. Flowers attract them.

115
Q

Solution to Selfing

A
  1. in perfect flowers, pollen and eggs mature at different times
  2. spacing solution: separate male and female flowers (monecious) or imperfect flowers (diecious)
  3. biochemical/genetic solution: self-incompatibility
116
Q

Pollen production

A

DO NOT UNDERSTAND. LOOK IN YOUR BOOK.

117
Q

Double fertilization

A

in flowering angiosperms
consists of 2 fertilization events
1. egg and sperm make zygote (2N) which forms the embryo
2. central cell +sperm–> endosperm (3N)

118
Q

Whats a seed and whats in it?

A

fertilized ovule. in angio and gymneosperms

have embryo, nutritive tissue and seed coat

119
Q

seed functions

A

dispersal

establishment of seedling

120
Q

seed features

A
  1. produced in large quantities b/c of high death rates
  2. tissues have low water content (2-10%)
  3. full of highly concentrated food materials
121
Q

Angiosperm seeds

A
  1. embryo: 2N of new gene combination
  2. endosperm: 3N of 2 maternal, 1 paternal
  3. seed coat: 2N of maternal genes
122
Q

Gymneosperm seeds

A

embryo: 2N of new gene combination
2. seed coat: 2N of maternal DNA
3. nutritive tissue: 1N

123
Q

Why are gymniosperm less successful than angiosperm

A
  1. fewer protective coverings: ovule on outside of pine cone
  2. wind pollinated: tons of pollen produced, high cost of production
  3. one fertilization event: egg+sperm=zygote
  4. long period from pollination to seed dispersal: up to two years
124
Q

gymniosperm embryo development process

A
  1. pollination
  2. development of nutritive tissue
  3. fertilization
  4. embryo development
125
Q

angiosperm embryo development process

A
  1. pollination
  2. double fertilization
  3. embryo and nutritive tissue develop simultaneously.
126
Q

Endosperm

A

contributes no cells or genes to new generation
an accessory and nutritive tissue
3N: 2 egg, 1 sperm gene donations

127
Q

Persistent endosperm

A

gives nutrients to embryo after germination

example: corn, starch forming plants

128
Q

Transient endosperm

A

gives nutrients to embryo before seed shed

in protein forming plants

129
Q

Fruit development specifically how carpel changes into fruit

A

ovary wall–>fruit wall
ovule–>seed
egg (fertilized)–>embryo
style–>style

130
Q

Gravitropism

A

response to gravity in direction and degrees via directional growth
*positively gravitropic=grows towards gravity (roots)
FUNCTION OF ROOT CAP
*negatively gravitropic=grows away from gravity (shoots)

131
Q

Phototropic

A

response to light direction, intensity, and color
+=shoots
-=roots

132
Q

Thigmotropic

A

growth response to touch
+=vining, climbing plants (grapes, peas, ivies)
-=roots to avoid obstacles in soil

133
Q

Statoliths

A

plastid organelles in root cap with large starch granules that give weight to cell.
believed to be involved in gravitropism

134
Q

Experiments Touch sensing

A

seeds on hardened petri dish
incline dish
get wavy roots (wave assay)

135
Q

Light sensing

A

involves pigment protein complexes in cytoplasm

blue light and red far red photoreceptors

136
Q

blue light photoreceptors

A

reflect yellow
absorb blue
phototropins and cryptochromes
also in guard cells to regulate stomata opening and closing for day-night cycles.

137
Q

Red-far-red photoreceptors

A

photochromes
control seed germination, greening of seedlings, flowering response
Inactive (closed kinases) are sensitive to red light
Active (open kinases) are far red sensitive

138
Q

Classic plant hormones and transport methods

A
  1. auxin
  2. cytokinins
  3. gibberellins
  4. abscisic acid
  5. ethylene
    small and travel apoplastically and symplastically.
139
Q

peptide hormones

A

defense

140
Q

brassinosteroids

A

steroid hormone
cell elongation
dwarf plants don’t have them

141
Q

oligosaccharins

A

carbohydrates

in cell wall as a defense response

142
Q

jasmonic acid

A

gas
defense response
can signal to surrounding plants

143
Q

florigen

A

flowering hormones

maybe small protein that travels through phloem

Bio 152 (3 decks)

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