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Plants Flashcards

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0
Q

From what do plants develop?

A

Multicellular embryos

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1
Q

Which kingdom is the basis for the food chain on land

A

Plants

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2
Q

Plants carry out photosynthesis using chloro….

A

Chlorophyll A and b

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3
Q

Which group of plants was the last 2 evolve

A

Flowering plants

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4
Q

Which group of plants makes up the majority of plant species today

A

Flowering plants 90 percent

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5
Q

Are plants autotrophic or heterotrophic

A

Most are Autotrophic

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6
Q

Where is chlorophyll located

A

Chloroplasts

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7
Q

How is a gamete produced

A

Mitosis

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8
Q

The earliest types of plants and represented by two days…

A

Mosses and ferns

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9
Q

What do mosses and ferns need to reproduce

A

Water

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10
Q

Water in plants is more quickly used when the sun is shining because

A

Water is one of the Raw materials of photosynthesis

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11
Q

As they absorb water plants also absorb

A

Minerals

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12
Q

Which gases do plants need and why

A

Oxygen to support cellular respiration, and carbon dioxide to carry out photosynthesis

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13
Q

What did plans involve from

A

An organism much like the multicellular green algae living today (freshwater)

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14
Q

What are the four groups of plants

A

Flowering plants and cone bearing plants and ferns and their relatives and mosses and their relatives

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15
Q

What are bryophytes

A

Nonvascular plants

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16
Q

What are vascular tissues

A

Specialized tissues that conduct water and nutrients

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17
Q

Bryophytes have lifecycles that depend on

A

Water for reproduction

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18
Q

How do nonvascular plants draw up water

A

By osmosis, only a few centimeters above the ground

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19
Q

How does fertilization of nonvascular plants occur

A

Bryophytes produce sperm that must swim through water to reach the eggs of other individuals

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20
Q

Describe bryophytes

A

Low growing plants that can be found in moist shaded areas where water is in regular supply

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21
Q

The most common bryophytes are

A

Mosses

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22
Q

Mosses are members of the phylum

A

Bryophyta

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23
Q

Mosses grow most abundantly in areas with what

A

Water

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24
Q

Mosses are the most abundant plants in

A

Polar regions

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25
Q

What are rhizoids

A

Long, thin cells that absorb water and minerals … Moss

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26
Q

How do bryophytes transport water

A

From cell to cell by osmosis

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27
Q

What cell do vascular plants have that helped them conduct water

A

Tracheids,

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28
Q

Where are Tracheids located

A

Xylem

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29
Q

What is the xylem

A

A transport subsystem that carries water upward from the roots to every part of the plant

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30
Q

Describe Tracheids

A

They are hollow cells with thick cell walls that resist pressure ,they are connected end to end

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31
Q

What are the two forms of vascular tissue

A

Xylem and phloem

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32
Q

What does phloem do

A

Transport solutions of nutrients and carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis

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33
Q

Wha two things help vascular plants grow upright and reach great heights

A

Lignin and the thick walls of the xylem

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34
Q

Roots are

A

Underground organs that absorb water and minerals

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35
Q

Leaves are

A

Photosynthetic organs that contain one or more bundles of vascular tissue which are gathered into veins made of xylem and phloem

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36
Q

Stems are

A

Supporting structures that connect roots And leaves, carrying water and nutrients between them

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37
Q

Seedless vascular plants include

A

Club mosses and horsetails and ferns

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38
Q

What are sporangia

A

Tiny containers in which haploid spores develop

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39
Q

What are fronds

A

Leaves of ferns

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40
Q

Sporangia are grouped into clusters called

A

Sori

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41
Q

Fertilization in seedless vascular plants requires at least a

A

Thin film of water

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42
Q

Leaves contain vascular tissue in the form of

A

Veins

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43
Q

What do club mosses look like

A

Miniature pine trees

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44
Q

Ferns are most abundant in

A

Wet or at least seasonally wet habitats around the world and in areas with little light

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45
Q

Seed plans are

A

The most dominant group of photosynthetic organisms on land

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46
Q

What are the two groups of seed plants

A

Gymnosperms and angiosperms

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47
Q

What are gymnosperms

A

Bear their seeds directly on the surface of cones

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48
Q

What are angiosperms

A

Flowering plants or plants that bear their seed within a layer of tissue that protects the seed

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49
Q

All plants have a lifecycle the alternates between

A

A gametophyte and a sporophyte fight stage

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50
Q

Seed plants do not require—- for fertilization

A

Water

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51
Q

The gametophytes of seed plants grow and mature within

A

Sporophyte structures called cones or flowers

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52
Q

Im seed plants the entire male gametophyte is contained in a tiny structure called a

A

Pollen grain

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53
Q

What is pollination

A

The transfer of pollen from the male reproductive structure to the female reproductive structure

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54
Q

What is a seed

A

Embryo of a plant that is encased in a protective covering and surrounded by a food supply

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55
Q

What is an embryo

A

An organism in its early stage of development

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56
Q

The seeds food supply provides nutrients to the

A

Embryo as it grows

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57
Q

What is the seedcoat

A

Surrounds and protects the embryo and keeps the contents of the Seed from drying out

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58
Q

The most ancient surviving seed plants are the

A

Gymnosperms

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59
Q

The seeds of gymnosperms are

A

Exposed

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60
Q

Ginkgoes maybe the

A

One of the oldest seed plant species alive today

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61
Q

The most common gymnosperms are

A

Conifers

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62
Q

Pine needles are long and thin cuz

A

Reduces surface area so less water is lost by evaporation

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63
Q

Most conifers are

A

Evergreen

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64
Q

What covers conifer leaves

A

A thick waxy layer

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65
Q

The stomata of conifers are on

A

The underside of the leaves

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66
Q

Flowering plants are the most

A

Populous living plant species

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67
Q

Fruits are

A

Ovaries, Walls of tissue surrounding the seed

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68
Q

Fruits are advantageous because

A

They can spread the seed long distances via animals

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69
Q

One way of classifying angiosperms includes Mono—

A

Monocots and dicots or monocotyledonae and dicotyledonae

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70
Q

Dicots have

A

Two seed leaves or Cotyledons in the plant embryo

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71
Q

What is a cotyledon

A

The first leaf or the first pair of leaves produced by the embryo of a seed plant

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72
Q

What veins do monocots have

A

Parallel veins

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73
Q

Which type of veins do dicots have

A

Branched veins

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74
Q

What are the flowers of monocots like

A

Floral parts come in multiples of three

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75
Q

What are the flowers of dicots like

A

Flower parts are in multiples of four or five

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76
Q

What are the stems of monocots Like

A

Vascular bundles are scattered throughout the stem, has epidermis, each bundle has xylem and phloem, phloem faces the outside, bundles are scattered throughout ground tissue, patterns in ground tissue Are simple

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77
Q

What are the roots of monocots like

A

Fibrous

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78
Q

What are the stems of dicots like

A

Vascular bundles are arranged in a ring, parenchyma cells inside ring of tissue are called PITH; while those outside form the cortex

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79
Q

What are the roots of dicots like

A

Taproots

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80
Q

Woody and herbaceous plants are divided based on

A

Their stems

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81
Q

What are some examples of woody plants

A

Trees ,shrubs ,vines

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82
Q

Annuals biennials and perennials are based on

A

Plant lifespans

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83
Q

What are annuals

A

Flowering plants that complete a lifecycle within one growing season

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84
Q

What are biennials

A

Angiosperms that complete device cycle into years

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85
Q

What are perennials

A

Flowering plants that live for more than two years

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86
Q

What do roots do

A

Absorbs water and dissolved nutrients, anchor plants in the ground, holding soil in place and prevent erosion ,protect the plant from harmful soil bacteria and fungi, and hold plants upright against forces such as wind and rain

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87
Q

What can stems do

A

Support system for the plant body ,transport system that carries water and nutrients, and a defense system against predators and disease

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88
Q

What can leaves do

A

Where photosynthesis and gas exchange occurs

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89
Q

describe dermal tissue

A

Outer covering of a plant that consists of a single layer of epidermal cells which are covered with a thick waxy layer that protects against water loss and injury

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90
Q

What is a cuticle

A

The thick waxy coating of epidermal cells in dermal tissue

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91
Q

Describe dermal tissue in roots

A

Includes roots hair cells that provide a large amount of surface area and aid in water absorption

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92
Q

Describe dermal tissue on leaves

A

Contains guard cell which regulate water loss and gas exchange

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93
Q

What is Vascular tissue

A

Contains xylem and phloem and is a water conducting tissue that is a transport system

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94
Q

Xylem consists of

A

Tracheids

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95
Q

Phloem consists of

A

Sieve tube elements and companion cells

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96
Q

Angiosperms have another kind of xylem cell that is called a

A

Vessel element ( much wider than Tracheids)

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97
Q

Both tracheids and vessel elements

A

Mature and die before conducting water

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98
Q

What are sieve tube elements

A

Cells that are arranged end to end to form sieve tubes that have many small holes in them which sugars and nutrients can move through

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99
Q

What are companion cells

A

Phloem cells that surround sieve tube elements, support phloem cells and aid in the movement of substances

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100
Q

What is ground tissue

A

Cells that lie between dermal and vascular tissues and consist mainly of parenchyma

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101
Q

Ground tissue may also contain

A

Collenchyma and sclerenchyma

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102
Q

What is indeterminate growth

A

They grow and produce cells on the tips of their roots and stems as long as they live

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103
Q

What are meristems

A

Clusters of tissue that are responsible for continuing growth throughout the plants

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104
Q

The new cells produced in Meristematic tissue are

A

Not specialized , undifferentiated

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105
Q

What is an apical Meristem

A

Group Of undifferentiated cells that divide to produce increased length of stems and roots

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106
Q

Meristematic tissue is the only plant tissue that produces new cells by

A

Mitosis

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107
Q

Cells that originate in meristems go through

A

Differentiation

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108
Q

What are the two main types of roots

A

Taproots(dicots)…fibrous roots(monocots)

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109
Q

What is the difference between tap root and a fibrous root

A

Tap root is one long thick root,while fibrous roots branch to such an extent that no single root grows larger than the rest

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110
Q

What is the order of the three tissues in roots from outside to inside

A

Dermal then ground tissue then vascular tissue

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111
Q

What are root hairs

A

Cellular projections on the epidermis that penetrate spaces between soil particles and produce a large surface area thru which water can enter

112
Q

What is the vascular cylinder

A

Area in the root where vascular tissue is located

113
Q

What is a root cap

A

Protects the root as it forces its way to the soil by secreting a slippery substance that lubricates the root

114
Q

What are the five most important nutrients for plants

A

Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium ,magnesium ,and calcium

115
Q

How does water get In to roots

A

Through osmosis that occurs due to the high concentration of mineral ions in the plant cells

116
Q

What is a Casparian strip

A

A waterproof strip that surrounds each cell of the endodermis

117
Q

What does the Casparian strip do

A

To prevent the roots from expanding and increase root pressure to force water through the vascular cylinder

118
Q

What are the three most important functions of stems

A

To produce leaves branches and flowers, they hold up leaves to the sunlight ,and they transport substances to the tree roots and leaves

119
Q

What are nodes

A

Places where leaves are attached on the stem

120
Q

What are internodes

A

Regions between the nodes

121
Q

What are buds and where do they form

A

Things that contain undeveloped tissue that can produce new stems and leaves,found in places where leaves attach to the nodes

122
Q

What is primary growth

A

when new cells are produced only the ends of the plant

123
Q

What Is secondary growth

A

The method of growth in which stems increase in width

124
Q

What is the vascular cambium

A

Produces Vascular tissues and increases the thickness of stems overtime

125
Q

What is the cork cambium

A

Produces the outer covering of stems

126
Q

Vascular cambium forms

A

In between the xylem and phloem of each vascular bundle

127
Q

One tree ring is composed of

A

A band of lightwood and a band of Darkwood

128
Q

Thick rings indicate

A

Weather conditions that were favorable

129
Q

Thin rings indicate

A

Bad weather conditions

130
Q

The main function of leaves is

A

Photosynthesis

131
Q

What are blades

A

Thin, flattened sections on leaves that help collect sunlight

132
Q

What two things form a waterproof barrier on the leaf

A

Epidermal cells and the cuticle

133
Q

What is the difference between a simple leaf and a compound leaf

A

The compound leaf has many leaflets within it’s Blade

134
Q

What ground tissue is in leaves

A

Mesophyll

135
Q

What occurs in mesophyll

A

Photosynthesis

136
Q

What are stomata

A

Pore like openings in the underside of the leaf that allow carbon dioxide and oxygen to diffuse into and out of the leaf

137
Q

What are guard cells

A

Specialized cells in the epidermis that control opening and closing stomata by responding to changes in water pressure

138
Q

What is transpiration

A

Loss of water through leaves

139
Q

Leaves take in ____ and give off____ during photosynthesis

A

Carbon dioxide, oxygen

140
Q

What are the three main processes that help water move through a plant

A

Root pressure, capillary action, transpiration (strongest)

141
Q

Cohesion is

A

The attraction of molecules to the same substance

142
Q

Adhesion

A

Attraction between unlike molecules

143
Q

Capillary action

A

Tendency of water to rise in. A tube

144
Q

Transpirational pull

A

When water is lost thru transpiration, osmotic pressure moves water and pulls it upward

145
Q

What leads to wilting

A

High transpiration rates/ loss of water

146
Q

Source cell

A

Any plant cell where sugars are produced by photosynthesis

147
Q

Sink cell

A

Where sugars are used or stored

148
Q

Pressure-flow hypothesis

A

Sugars in a source cell increase in concentration and water moves in by osmosis which causes pressure that forces the nutrients and water down to the sink

149
Q

An important trend in plant evolution is the reduction of the___ and the increasing size of the____

A

Gametophyte, sporophyte

150
Q

What are pollen cones

A

Cones that produce male gametophytes which are called pollen grains

151
Q

Seed cones are much larger than

A

Pollen cones

152
Q

What are seed cones

A

Produce female gametophytes and have two ovules at the base in which the female gametophytes develop by meiosis

153
Q

What is a pollination drop

A

A sticky secretion on one of the scales of the female cone

154
Q

What is a pollen tube

A

A structure that begins to grow when a pollen grain Lands near an ovule and the grain splits open ,contains two haploid sperm nuclei

155
Q

What are sepals

A

Enclose the bud before it opens and protect the flower while it’s developing ,most are green and closely resemble ordinary leaves

156
Q

What are petals

A

Brightly colored ,found inside the sepals, attract insects and other pollinators to the flower

157
Q

What is the stamen

A

The male part of the flower which consists of an anther and a filament

158
Q

What is a filament

A

A long thin stalk that supports an anther

159
Q

What is an anther

A

An oval sack where meiosis takes place , producing haploid male gametophytes called pollen grains

160
Q

What is a pistil

A

The female part of a flower that consists of an ovary a stigma and a style

161
Q

What is an ovary

A

Contains one or more ovules where female gametophytes are produced

162
Q

What is a style

A

The stalk that connects the stigma to the ovary

163
Q

What is a stigma

A

A sticky portion at the top of the style where pollen grains frequently Land

164
Q

What is an embryo sac

A

Eight nuclei and the surrounding membrane that is contained within the ovule and is the female gametophyte of a flowering plant

165
Q

Wind pollination is blank efficient than animal pollination

A

Less

166
Q

What is double fertilization

A

The process of angiosperms that results in two fertilization events taking place between male and female gametophytes

167
Q

What happens as angiosperm seeds mature

A

The ovary walls thicken to form a fruit that encloses the developing seeds

168
Q

What is a seedcoat

A

The outer layer that protects the delicate embryo and it’s tiny food supply

169
Q

What is a fruit

A

A ripened ovary that contains angiosperm seeds

170
Q

Why aren’t seeds digestible

A

Because they are covered with tough coatings that protect them from digestive chemicals

171
Q

Seeds dispersed by animals are typically contained in

A

Fleshy nutritious fruits

172
Q

Seeds dispersed by wind or water are typically

A

Lightweight

173
Q

Dormancy

A

When the embryo is alive but not growing

174
Q

What can stop dormancy

A

Favorable environmental factors

175
Q

Most seeds germinate in

A

Spring

176
Q

What is the early growth stage of the plant embryo

A

Seed germination

177
Q

Vegetative reproduction

A

The process through which plants reproduce asexually, includes the production of new plants from horizontal stems ,from plantlets ,and from underground roots, occurs thru mitosis, genetically identical offspring

178
Q

What is plant propagation

A

when you use cuttings, grafting ,or budding to make many identical copies of a plant or to produce offspring from seedless plants

179
Q

Cuttings are used for plants that

A

Produce strong root systems

180
Q

What is the difference between grafting and budding

A

Grafting uses stems as scions well funds are used as scions in budding

181
Q

In grafting and budding, the____ of a plant is attached to a ____ of a plant with strong root systems

A

Scion, stock

182
Q

Grafting and budding usually work best when plants are

A

Dormant

183
Q

What are the four different types of plants in order of complexity from least to greatest

A

Mosses ferns gymnosperms and angiosperms

184
Q

What organisms are considered the ancestor of the plant kingdom

A

Green algae

185
Q

What allows bryophytes to live on land without vascular tissue

A

They are small in size and able to obtain water and nutrients via diffusion and osmosis

186
Q

Why is stem-like structure in bryophytes not considered a true stem

A

No vascular tissue

187
Q

Rhizoids are in which group of plants

A

Bryophytes

188
Q

Which tissue performs photosynthesis

A

Ground tissue

189
Q

Which tissue stores water and carbohydrates

A

Ground tissue

190
Q

Which type of tissue contains cells with chloroplasts

A

Ground tissue

191
Q

What are fibrous roots

A

Usually shallow and the primary and secondary roads are all basically the same size

192
Q

What are prop roots

A

Roots that Branch out from the stem, penetrate the soil ,and help support the stem

193
Q

What are aerial roots

A

Roots that support vines as they climb up

194
Q

What are adventitious organs

A

Organs arising where they are not typically found

195
Q

The faster water evaporates from a plant the stronger the

A

pull of water upward from the roots

196
Q

What are primitive vascular plants

A

Ferns

197
Q

How is the fern still tied to water

A

Reproduction

198
Q

Male pollen cones are at the

A

Top of the tree

199
Q

Where are pinecones on the tree

A

Bottom

200
Q

What characteristics attract flowers to different animals

A

Coloration ,scent ,nutrition

201
Q

Ethylenes cause

A

Fruit to ripen

202
Q

Gibberellins cause

A

Stems and produce to increase in size

203
Q

Auxins cause

A

Elongation in stems and roots

204
Q

Cytokinins Cause

A

Seeds to sprout and buds to grow, cell division and the growth of lateral buds and cause dormant seeds to sprout, delay aging, cells to grow thicker

205
Q

Which hormones are responsible for gravitoprism

A

Auxins

206
Q

Thigmotropism

A

Plant curling around objects

207
Q

Active transport in the roots occurs with

A

ATP

208
Q

What is a target cell or tissue

A

The portion of an organism affected by a particular hormone

209
Q

What is a hormone receptor

A

Usually a protein that binds to the hormone in order to respond to it

210
Q

What is phototropism

A

Tendency of a plant to go toward a source of light

211
Q

Auxins move to the ____ side

A

Shaded phototropism

Lower gravittropism

212
Q

Auxins are responsible for

A

Phototropism and gravitoprism

213
Q

Auxins for photo trophism stimulate

A

Cell elongation

214
Q

In stems auxins stimulate

A

Cell elongation

215
Q

In boots auxins inhibit

A

Cell growth and elongation

216
Q

What is a lateral bud

A

A meristematic area on the side of the stem That gives rise to side branches

217
Q

Auxins are produced in the

A

Apical Meristem

218
Q

What is apical dominance

A

The phenomenon where the closer a bud is to the stems tip the more it is inhibited

219
Q

What are herbicides

A

Compounds that are toxic to plants

220
Q

Where are cytokinins produced

A

Growing roots fruits and seeds

221
Q

The rate of cell growth in most plants

A

Determined by the ratio of the concentration of auxins to cytokinins

222
Q

Gibberellins produce

A

Dramatic increases in size particularly in stems and fruit

223
Q

To take in sufficient oxygen many aquatic plants have tissues with

A

Large air filled spaces through which oxygen can diffuse

224
Q

Why does water diffuse into the routes through osmosis

A

Because of the difference in concentration of water molecules between the root cells and surrounding soil

225
Q

What are xerophytes

A

Plants that live in the desert

226
Q

What are some plant adaptations to a desert climate

A

Extensive roots ,reduced leaves ,and thick stems that can store water, dormancy

227
Q

Plants that lack nutrition in their environment develop into

A

Carnivorous plants and parasites

228
Q

What is the equation for photosynthesis

A

6CO2+6H2O —-light—> C6H12O6 + 6O2

229
Q

What are photosystems

A

Clusters of pigments ,that are the light collecting units of the chloroplast, found in thylakoids

230
Q

What is NADP+

A

A carrier molecule that holds two high-energy electrons along with a hydrogen ion which converts it into NADPH

231
Q

The Calvin cycle uses blank and blank from the light dependent reactions to produce blank

A

ATP and NADPH to produce high-energy sugars

232
Q

What are photons

A

Packets of light energy

233
Q

What does chlorophyll do

A

Capture light energy

234
Q

What is made in the stroma

A

Glucose

235
Q

Light reaction occurs in

A

Grana

236
Q

The light dependent reaction ends with

A

O2 being released

237
Q

The dark reaction can occur in either

A

Day or night

238
Q

CO2 enters through the

A

Stomata during gas exchange

239
Q

Why do plants prefer violet blue and red wavelengths

A

Because more oxygen can be received when targeting these wavelength

240
Q

Which color is least effective for photosynthesis

A

Green

241
Q

What characteristics do algae and plants have in common

A

Both contain cellulose ,cell walls , and chlorophyll

242
Q

Where is mycorrihizahe located and a plant

A

Roots

243
Q

Mycorrihizahe is a

A

Fungi

244
Q

What does mycorrhizae do

A

Absorbs phosphorus and other minerals from the soil

245
Q

What is the purpose of a chloroplast

A

Convert energy to make food

246
Q

Epiphytes are plants that

A

Are not rooted in soil but instead grow directly on the bodies of other plants

247
Q

What are some adaptations that plants developed to defend themselves against insects

A

Chemical defenses

248
Q

How is energy stored in ATP released

A

by breaking the chemical bond between the second and third phosphate

249
Q

What is the basic energy source of al cells

A

ATP

250
Q

What is photosynthesis

A

When a plant uses the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into high-energy carbohydrates( sugars and starches) and oxygen

251
Q

What is C6H12O6

A

A 6 carbon sugar

252
Q

The plants principal pigment is

A

Chlorophyll

253
Q

What are thylakoids

A

Saclike photosynthetic membranes that are arranged in stacks called grana

254
Q

What is electron transport

A

When cells use electron carriers to transport high-energy electrons from chlorophyll to other molecules

255
Q

What is an electron transport chain

A

A group of electron carriers

256
Q

Which adaptations help plants reproduce without water

A

Pollen and seeds

257
Q

What is the significance of NADP+ turning into NADPH

A

It is one way in which energy from the sun can be trapped in chemical form

258
Q

What does NADPH do

A

Carries high energy electrons produced by light absorption and chlorophyll to chemical reactions elsewhere in the cell

259
Q

Nonvascular plants equalsb

A

Bryophytes

260
Q

What three things do bryophytes lack

A

True roots, true stems, and true leaves

261
Q

Nonvascular plants transport materials bye

A

Osmosis and diffusion

262
Q

White light reflects

A

All colors

263
Q

What are ovum

A

Eggs

264
Q

Hoe do bryophytes reproduce

A

Gametes are formed in reproductive structures and the sperm then swim to the egg to standing water or through dew on the ground

265
Q

Light dependent reactions produce

A

Oxygen gas and convert ADP and NADP + into ATP and NADPH

266
Q

What differentiates leaves versus true leaves

A

A vascular system

267
Q

Where are chloroplasts found

A

Ground tissue

268
Q

Which type of Root is more likely to be a food source

A

Taproot because it stores more carbohydrates

269
Q

All light from the sun is

A

White Light

270
Q

What are pigments

A

Chemicals that absorb wavelengths of light

271
Q

Black light reflects

A

No colors

272
Q

Color you see is

A

The color reflected

273
Q

What is an ovule

A

A sack that holds the eggs

274
Q

What is explosive Pollination

A

When plants violently scatter their seeds

275
Q

The bulk of a leaf is made out of

A

Ground tissue called mesophyll

276
Q

Photosynthesis takes place in the

A

Mesophyll

277
Q

conifers Pollinate using

A

Wind

278
Q

What are vegetables

A

The edible portion of a plant

Biology (4 decks)

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