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Ecology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

What is the biosphere

A

Contains the combined portions of the planet in which all of life exist including land water and air or atmosphere

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1
Q

Ecology

A

Scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment or surroundings

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2
Q

Levels of organization in order

A

Individual population community ecosystem biome biosphere

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3
Q

Species

A

A group of organisms so similar to one another that they can breed and produce fertile offspring

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4
Q

Populations

A

Groups of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area

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5
Q

Communities

A

Assemblages of different populations that live together in a defined area

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6
Q

Ecosystem

A

Collection of all the organisms that live in a particular place together with their nonliving or physical environment

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7
Q

Biome

A

A group of ecosystems that have the same climate and similar dominant communities

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8
Q

Autotrophs=

A

Producers

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9
Q

Heterotrophs=

A

Consumers

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10
Q

What are the five different types of heterotrophs

A

Herbivores carnivores omnivores detritivores decomposer

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11
Q

Detritivores

A

Eat dead matter

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12
Q

Detritus

A

Dead matter

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13
Q

Trophic level

A

A step in a food chain or food web

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14
Q

Ecological pyramid

A

Diagram that shows the relative amounts of energy or matter contained within each trophic level in a food chain or food web

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15
Q

How much of the energy available within one trophic level is transferred to organisms at the next trophic level

A

10%

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16
Q

What is the energy pyramid

A

Shows the relative amount of energy available at each trophic level

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17
Q

biomass

A

The total amount of living tissue within a given trophic level

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18
Q

Biomass pyramid

A

Represents the total amount of living organic matter and potential food available for each trophic level

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19
Q

Pyramid of numbers

A

shows the relative number of individual organisms at each trophic level

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20
Q

Because each trophic level harvests only about one 10th of the energy from the level below it can support only about

A

One 10th of the amount of living tissue

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21
Q

Evaporation

A

The process by which water changes from liquid form to an atmospheric gas

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22
Q

What are the stages of the water cycle

A

Evaporation or transpiration then condensation then precipitation then run off then seepage then uptake or water goes into the ocean

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23
Q

Nutrients

A

All the chemical substances that an organism needs to sustain life

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24
Q

Carbon is a key ingredient

A

Living tissue

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25
Q

When is carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere

A

By volcanic activity by respiration by human activities and decomposition of organic matter

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26
Q

What is a form that carbon takes in the ocean

A

CarboNate rocks

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27
Q

Nitrogen is needed for all living things in order to produce

A

Amino acids

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28
Q

Nitrogen is also found in the blank of living things

A

Waste and dead and decaying organic matter

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29
Q

Human activity as nitrogen to the biosphere in the form of

A

Nitrate which is a major component of fertilizers

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30
Q

What is nitrogen fixation

A

The process by which bacteria convert nitrogen gas into ammonia

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31
Q

What is Denitrification

A

The process in which soil bacteria convert nitrates into nitrogen gas

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32
Q

Nitrogen fixation can occur in either the

A

Atmosphere or with bacteria

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33
Q

Living things have phosphorus in there

A

DNA and RNA

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34
Q

Phosphorus usually does not enter the atmosphere but instead remains mostly on

A

Land and rock and soil minerals and in ocean sediments (inorganic phosphate)

35
Q

Phosphate is released because of

A

Erosion

36
Q

What is primary productivity

A

Rate at which organic matter is created by producers

37
Q

What is a limiting nutrient

A

A nutrient that is dominant in an ecosystem but is scarce or cycles very slowly

38
Q

What is an algal bloom

A

An immediate increase in the amount of Algae and other producers as a result of runoff of a limiting nutrient

39
Q

Weather is

A

The day-to-day condition of earths atmosphere

40
Q

Climate is

A

The average year after year conditions of temperature and precipitation in a particular region

41
Q

Greenhouse effect

A

The situation where heat is retained by this layer of greenhouse gases

42
Q

What is Niche

A

The full range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and the way in which the organism uses those conditions

43
Q

What is the competitive exclusion principle

A

The rules that no 2 species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time

44
Q

What is predation

A

An interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another organism

45
Q

Symbiosis

A

Any relationship in which two species live closely together

46
Q

What are the three main types of symbiotic relationships

A

Mutualism commensalism and parasitism

47
Q

Mutualism

A

Both species benefit from the relationship

48
Q

Commensalism

A

One member benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed

49
Q

Parasitism

A

One organism lives on or inside another organism and harms it

50
Q

Ecological succession

A

A series of predictable changes that occurs in a community overtime

51
Q

What is primary succession

A

Succession that occurs on surfaces where no soil exists

52
Q

What are pioneer species

A

The first species to populated the area during the primary succession

53
Q

What is secondary succession

A

Occurs after a disturbance of some kind changes existing do without removing the soil (land is cleared or farming is abandoned or when wildfires burn woodlands)

54
Q

Tolerance

A

Ability to survive and reproduce under conditions that differ from their optimal conditions

55
Q

What is a wetland

A

An ecosystem in which water either covers the soil or is present at or near the surface of the soil for at least part of the year

56
Q

What is zonation

A

The prominent horizontal banding of organisms that live in a particular habitat

57
Q

What are the four important characteristics of population

A

It’s geographic distribution, density ,growth rate, and age structure

58
Q

Population density

A

The number of individuals per-unit.

59
Q

What are the three things that affect a population size

A

Number of births, number of deaths , and the number of individuals that enter, or leave the population

60
Q

Under ideal conditions with unlimited resources, a population will grow

A

Exponentially

61
Q

Logistic growth

A

Occurs when a populations growth slows or stops following a period of exponential growth

62
Q

Where does the size of the population average at a growth rate of zero

A

Carrying capacity

63
Q

Limiting factor

A

A factor that causes population growth to decrease

64
Q

Density dependent limiting factor

A

Factors that only limit a population when the population density reaches a certain level, are most strong when a population is large and dense

65
Q

Examples of density dependent limiting factors

A

Competition, predation ,parasitism ,and disease

66
Q

Density independent limiting factors

A

Affect all populations in similar ways regardless of the population size

67
Q

Examples of density independent living factors

A

Unusual weather, natural disasters, seasonal cycles, and certain human activities

68
Q

Calorie

A

The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water 1°C

69
Q

Glycolysis

A

The process in which one molecule of glucose is broken in half producing two molecules of pyruvic acid a three carbon compound

70
Q

Final stages of cellular respiration occurs in the

A

Mitochondria

71
Q

In the presence of oxygen glycolysis is followed by the

A

Krebs cycle and the Electron transport chain

72
Q

Cellular respiration

A

Releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen

73
Q

What is the equation for cellular respiration

A

6O2+C6H12O6 –>6CO2+6H2O+Energy

Oxygen plus glucose yields carbon dioxide plus water plus energy

74
Q

Chemical energy in food is converted to

A

ATP

75
Q

Glycolysis starts with blank molecules of ATP and ends with blank molecules of ATP resulting in a net gain of blank ATP molecules

A

2,4,2

76
Q

Where do four high-energy electrons from glycolysis past to

A

Electron carrier called NAD+

77
Q

When oxygen is not present glycolysis is followed by

A

Fermentation

78
Q

Alcoholic fermentation equation

A

Pyruvic acid plus NADH yields alcohol plus carbon dioxide plus NAD+

79
Q

Lactic acid fermentation has to regenerate

A

NAD+

80
Q

Lactic acid fermentation equation

A

Pyruvic acid plus NADH yields lactic acid plus

NAD+

81
Q

Lactic acid is produced in your muscles when

A

When the body cannot supply enough oxygen to tissues and thus is not able to produce all of the ATP that is required

82
Q

What happens during the Krebs cycle

A

Pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide

83
Q

The Krebs cycle begins when

A

Pyruvic acid produced like glycolysis enters the mitochondrion

84
Q

What are the products of the Krebs cycle

A

NADH ATP and CO2 , acetyl COA (forms citric acid), FADH2

85
Q

What occurs during electron transport

A

ADP is converted to ATP

Biology (4 decks)

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