Plants Flashcards
What adaptations do plants have for living on land?
- Structures for retaining moisture
- cuticle= waxy coating on the outer surface of a plant
- Stomata= openings in the outer layer of leaves and some stems which regulate water loss and allow gas exchange for photosynthesis - Transport System
- vascular tissue to move nutrients and water throughout the plant
- also provide structure and support for the plant - Reproductive Strategies
- adaptations that allow gametes to meet without water
What is “Alteration of Generations”? Differentiate between sporophyte and gametophyte generations.
The lives of plants consist of two altering stages or generations; a gametophyte (gamete producing) generation and a sporophyte (diploid or spore producing generation). One generation is dominant over the other. This means that it is larger and lasts longer.
Functions of the root:
- Anchors the plant
- absorbs water and dissolved nutrients
- food storage (carrot, radish)
Functions of the stem:
- provide support
- transport system between roots and leaves
- food storage (celery, onion)
Functions of the leaf:
- photosynthesis
- food storage
Rhizoid:
- Root-like structures which anchor the plant and absorb nutrients (root hair)
Rhizome:
- A modified plant stem that send out roots and shoots from its nodes (grows underground) Grows horizontally. Transports water and adheres plant to surfaces.
Explain the difference between monocots and dicots:
- Monocots: Embryos have one cotyledon. Leaves with parallel veins. Flowers in multiples of three and vascular bundles scattered throughout the stem. Examples: Irises, tulips, grasses.
- Dicots: Embryos have two cotyledons. Leaves with netlike veins. Flower parts in multiples of four or five and vascular bundles arranged in rings. Examples: Roses, daises, deciduous tree, foxgloves
Explain the following parts of a flower:
- Anther
- Filament
- Stamen
- Stigma
- Ovary
- Sepal
- nectary
- ovule
- Pistill
- Style
Anther: Part of the Stamen where pollen is produced
Filament: holds up the anther
Stamen: male part of a flower, made up of the filament and the anther
Stigma: Sticky part of the carpel which collects pollen from other flowers
Ovary: Contains Ovules which develop into seeds once fertilized
Sepal: Outer protective covering of the flower bud, can be coloured like petals
Nectary: Produce sugary nectar which attracts insects
Ovule: forms the seeds
Pistill: Female part of the flower
Style: narrowed region on pistill between the stigma and ovary
Explain the function of each of the following tissues:
- Ground tissue and its 3 types
- Derman tissue
- Vascular tissue
- Ground tissue: middle layer which provides protection, structure and regeneration. Further divided into:
- Meristematic: cell division or growth
- Cork: Inner dead cells (structural)
- Cortex: Storage - Dermal tissue:
- outer layer
- provides protection and structure
- may be involved in photosynthesis and growth of secondary structures
- Vascular:
- conductive or transport tissue
- may provide support (structure)
- two types are xylem and phloem
Differentiate between xylem and phloem
xylem: conducts water and dissolved minerals
Phloem: Conducts nutrients
Explain the Transpiration- Cohesion Theory in plants
- Root pressure created when water enters roots via osmosis
- Capillary action:
- Cohesion: Water molecules are attracted to eachother.
-Adhesion: water molecules form hydrogen bonds with the xylem cell wall . - Transpiration: Evaporation of water from stomata creating a tension that pulls the water column from root to leaf.
*Because of cohesion roots absorb new water molecules to replace those pulled up through the xylem by the vacuum caused by transpiration
Differentiate between plant response via: Hormones, tropisms and nastic movements
Hormones: Chemical messages which regulate plant growth and response to stimuli
Tropism: The turning of all or part of an organism in a particular direction in response to an external stimulus.
Nastic movement: plant movements that occur in response to an external stimuli but the direction of the response is not dependent on the direction of the stimulus.
What are the general characteristics of fungi?
1) Eukaryotic
2) Multicellular and Macroscopic
3) Sessile, most are terrestrial
4) Have cell walls composed of “chitiin” (a carbohydrate)
5) lack chlorophyll= heterotrophs
6) require warmth, moisture and oxygen for growth, prefer darkness
