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plants Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the general characteristics of a plant

A

autotrophs, eukaryotes, multicellular, chlorophyll

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2
Q

what makes plants unique?

A

produce their own food from sunlight and have chlorophyll

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3
Q

what is photosynthesis

A

the process in which plants turn light energy into chemical energy

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4
Q

what are non- vascular plants

A

plants that lack a vascular system. (xylem and phloem)
ex. mosses, green algae

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5
Q

what are vascular plants

A

plants that have vascular tissue that allows them to transfer phood

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6
Q

what are characteristics of vascular plants

A

-3 main productive organs: stem, root, leaves
-live in wide range of climatic regions
-more diverse

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7
Q

What are annuals vs perennials

A

Annuals are seasonal
Perennials last year after year

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8
Q

What three types of vascular r tissue are there and where are they located

A

Dermal, vascular, ground

Dermal is located outside of the tree, vascular is the inside surrounding the ground tissue that is located in the centre

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9
Q

what are leaves?

A

Primary site of photosynthesis - cover most surface area

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10
Q

What is the organelle found in photosynthesis, chloroplast

A

Found in large numbers in the mesophyll layer and guard cells, responsible for green colour.

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11
Q

What is chlorophyll

A

The photo pigment that’s absorbs blue & red light to reflect green

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12
Q

Draw and label a leaf ( petiole, base,margin, veins, apex, midrib and blade)

A

See notes for correct answer

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13
Q

What is defoliation

A

Cells at the attachment site of the leaf create a seal preventing liquid to go in and out and stop functioning. ( giving nutrients The leaves slowly die off.)

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14
Q

What is the difference between a monocot and a dicot.

A

Monocots have an Angiosperm with an embryo with a single cotyledon. A leaf with parallel veins. Flower petals and stamens are in multiples of 3
Dicots Has two cotyledons within a seed. Leaf with network veins. Flower petals and stamens in multiples of 4 or 5

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15
Q

What do roots do?

A

Anchor plants keep them upright
Absorb water and nutrients
Some store water and carbs

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16
Q

What are the types of roots and their specialties

A

Taproot: large thick main root with root hairs . Grows straight down. Occurs in gymnosperms and angiosperm dicots.

Fibrous root: many small roots occurs in monocots

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17
Q

What do root hairs do

A

Water and soil enter through root hair cells. osmosis

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18
Q

What is the casparian strip

A

A waxy layer preventing water from exiting the xylem in the roots

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19
Q

Explain the arrangement of vascular bundles in roots. (Gymnosperms & eudicots, and monocots)

A

In g and e, the bundles are arranged to form a ring while monocot bundles are arranged rather randomly and not organized.

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20
Q

Where is xylem and phloem found in the vascular bundles of monocots vs eudicots

A

See notes for correct answer

21
Q

What do stems do

A

-Connect vascular tissue leaves to the tissue in roots
- raise and support leaves and reproductive organs, helpful for photosyn, (pollination)
- modified to store water and carbs

22
Q

Stem structures and what makes them special

A

Herbaceous: stems do not contain wood (monocots)
Woody : stems that contain wood (gymnosperms)

23
Q

What are Annular rings

A

Springtime has rapid growth, large xylem. Winter is slow, no new cells creates a pattern

24
Q

What is , bark, heartwood, sapwood ?

A

Bark is old phloem
Heartwood is plugged xylem
Sapwood is functioning xylem

25
Q

What is stem specialization

A

Some stems grow underground and are modified to store water and food.
Give rise to new plants
Ex, potato tuber

26
Q

What are stolons

A

Modified stems that grow along the soil. Ex strawberry plant

27
Q

How does xylem transport in vascular plants?

A

Nutrients enter through the roots which are them pushed upwards by root pressures. Water enter through osmosis. The xylem sap travels up the tree liquid in a capillary action, a narrow tube to the leaves. The leaves then exit water.

28
Q

Cohesion vs adhesion

A

Cohesion: water sticking to water.
Adhesion: water sticking to xylem walls

29
Q

List all the seed plants with an overview of why they are special

A

-Spermopsids: plants that produce seeds (gym and angio)? Equip with nutrients for plant to survive until it fends for itself.
-Bracts: spermopsids of specialized leaf that is modified into a reproductive structure. In gym & euds is a cone. Angios form a part of flower
-Conifers: leaves are modified into needles. Seeds are cones. Gendered cones contain reproductive parts
Angiosperms : flowering plants

30
Q

What is pollination

A

Transfer of pollen grains to an ovule

31
Q

What is a pollen tube

A

A hollow tube that grows out of a pollen grain and Carrie’s the pollen nucleus to the female sex cell

32
Q

Draw and label a flower ( sepal, receptacle, egg, ovary, stigma, style, stalk, carpel , anther, filament, petals

A

See notes for answer

33
Q

What is the difference between perfect/complete and imperfect/incomplete flowers

A

Perfect have both female and male parts. They produce fruit.
Imperfect have only one gender of parts. The female one must get fertilized to have fruit

34
Q

What is the difference between, monoecious and dioecious

A

Monoecious have male and female flowers on the same plant
Dioecious have male and female parts on separate plants

35
Q

Fruit formations (2)

A

Pericarp: fruit wall can be fleshy or dry. Helps protect & disperse the seed
Simple fruit : derived from a single ovary

36
Q

Pros and cons of sexual reproduction

A

Sexual pros:Genetic diversity, less competition bc embryo is carried to new location, seed is protected and nourished by embryo, seeds can remain dormant
Sexual cons: takes many resources to form a specialized structure for reproduction, relies on pollinators

37
Q

Pros and cons of asexual reproduction

A

Asexual pros: results in clones to pass on favourable traits, no specialized structures needed, less energy used, only one plant needed, better chance of survival than sexual, quicker
Asexual cons: no genetic diversity, wiped out easily

38
Q

What do the hormones, auxin, giberellins, cytokins do

A

Auxin: promote cell elongation so they can bend towards energy source(light)
Giverellins: promote cell division and cell elongation, young tissues of shoots and developing seeds
Cytokins: promote cell division, found in actively dividing tissue, can also slow aging.

39
Q

What do the hormones ethylene and abscisic do

A

Ethylene: “plant stress hormone” ex,roots grow sideways if they hit a rock.stimulate developmental stages ex, fruit ripening
Abscisic acid(ABA): inhibit growth ( rise in response to changes in temperature and light, maintains dormancy.

40
Q

What is tropism

A

Directional changes in growth or movement in response to a stimulus

41
Q

What are the five tropes and what do they do. Study helper, they each start with P G T H C

A

phototropismm: move towards light
Gravitytropism: gravity. Roots move down stems go up
Thigmotropism: contact, vines go around rocks and buildings
Hydrotropism: water
Chemotropism: areas of high concentration of chemicals

42
Q

What is meristematic tissue

A

Tissue consisting of dividing cells found in areas of the plant where growth can take place
When found at tips of roots & stems, they’re called apexes
Apexes contributes most to growing roots and stems

43
Q

What is the vascular cambium

A

Meristematic tissue that runs the length of the plant. Gives birth to plants, produces vascular bundles

44
Q

What is xylem

A

Cells that transports water & nutrients from roots to the leaves composed of tracheids & vessel elements. Located on the inside of a bundle

45
Q

What is phloem

A

Cells that Transports phood (sugar) from photosynthesis to the rest of the tree where it is needed or stored in roots. Composed of sieve tubes and companion cells. located outside of bundle

46
Q

What is primary growth

A

Rapid dividing of cells. Growth occurs primarily in the atypical meristem. (at tips of shoots and roots.)
If you have a tree with a heart in it, the heart will stay exactly where it originally was while the tree grows

47
Q

What is secondary growth

A

Make plant grow wider and stronger. The outward growth

48
Q

Angiosperms vs gymnosperms

A

The seeds of angiosperms develop in the ovaries of flowers and are surrounded by a protective fruit. Gymnosperm seeds are usually formed in unisexual cones, and do not produce flowers or fruits.

Biology (6 decks)

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