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Biology > evolution of organisms > Flashcards

evolution of organisms Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is natural selection

A

nature favours individuals reproductive success in populations

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2
Q

what is evolution

A

theory that describes changes in species over time and their shared ancestors

sf ( changes in genetics of species)

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3
Q

what is a theory

A

explanatory model that accounts for a very large body of evidence

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4
Q

what is step 1 of natural selection

A

there is variety in a population,

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5
Q

what are the reasons there is variety in a population?

A

meiosis, crossing over, sexual reproduction, mutations

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6
Q

what is step two of natural selection

A

more offspring are produced than can survive ( only best suited can survive)

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7
Q

what is step 3 of natural selection

A

there is struggle for survival ( competition, diseases, natural disasters)

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8
Q

what is the fourth step in natural selection

A

organisms that are the fittest survive, the unfit die and do not reproduce

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9
Q

What is the fifth step in natural selection

A

The population changes over time, if isolated they may develop into different species

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10
Q

What is the sixth step in natural selection

A

Natural changes in the environment cause changes in the way that organisms survive - change in behaviour lead to physical changes

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11
Q

What does the term fitness mean

A

Suitability for survival in the environment

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12
Q

What does the term success mean

A

Ongoing potential for survival.

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13
Q

Adaptation

A

Physical feature of an organism that contributes to its survival

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14
Q

Viability

A

Able to survive and have offspring

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15
Q

What is a Genotype

A

Particular alleles represented in an individual for a trait (what it is)

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16
Q

What is a phenotype

A

Physical conditions caused by the activity of genes ( what shows)

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17
Q

What is a Genome

A

Genetic makeup of a species

18
Q

What is a gene pool

A

All the alleles of population together expressed as a fraction of the total of each gene type

19
Q

What is a Mutation

A

Change in the genetic code of an allele

20
Q

What are the types of mutations

A

Neutral mutations, harmful mutations, beneficial mutations

21
Q

What is speciation

A

The formation of new species

22
Q

What are species

A

All members of a population that can interbreed

23
Q

What is allopatric speciation

A

Formation of new species as results of evolutionary changes following geographic isolation

24
Q

What is Sympatric speciation

A

New species evolved from within large populations. Sudden or gradual

25
Q

What is reproductive isolating mechanism

A

Behavioural, structural or biochemical trait that prevents reproduction

26
Q

What is directional selection

A

Favours individuals with more EXTREME VARIATION of a trait (giraffe necks)

27
Q

What is stabilizing selection

A

Favours The AVERAGE PHENOTYPE within a population

28
Q

What is disruptive selection

A

Favours individuals with variations at OPPOSITE EXTREMES of a trait

29
Q

Sexual selection

A

Favouring a trait that specifically I handed mating excess

30
Q

What is artificial selection

A

Controlled captive breeding process (dogs)

31
Q

What is accidental selection

A

Human activity has introduced features disrupting the environment

32
Q

What is genetic drift

A

Changes to allele frequency as a result of chance

33
Q

What is genetic bottleneck effect

A

Dramatic reduction in population resulting in loss of genetic diversity

34
Q

What is the founder effect

A

Some separate from original population and make their own

35
Q

What is adaptive radiation

A

Rapid evolution a single species into many new species

36
Q

What is divergent evolution

A

Large scale evolution of a group into many different forms

Competition between species is minimized
Species continue to evolve until resources are used increase in biodiversity

37
Q

What is convergent evolution

A

Evolution of similar traits in distantly related species
Sharks and dolphin

38
Q

What is coevolution

A

One species evolves in response to another species evolving

39
Q

What is the theory of gradualism

A

attributes large evolutionary changes in species to accumulation of many small and ongoing changes and processes

40
Q

What is the theory of punctuate equilibrium

A

Attributes the most evolutionary changes to relatively rapid spurts of change followed by long periods of little or no change

41
Q

What are fossils

A

Ancient remains impressions or traces of an organism

Biology (6 decks)

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