Plants Flashcards

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1
Q

Why are plants important to the ecosystem?

A
  1. primary producers
  2. convert sunlight into chemical energy that other organisms can ingest and use (perform photosynthesis)
  3. carbon cycle - turning CO2 into sugars
  4. nitrogen, mineral & nutrient cycling
    - remove toxins from soil (detoxify)
    - use plants for food, shelter, fuel, fibre, and medicines (aspirin, quinine (malaria), morphine
  5. produces oxygen
  6. purify water and air
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2
Q

How do plants grow?

A
  1. optimal amounts of water
  2. minerals
  3. nutrients
  4. soil
  5. sunlight
  6. warmth
  7. gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide)
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3
Q

Characteristics of plants

A
  1. eukaryotic organisms
  2. have a cell wall that contain the carbohydrate cellulose
  3. carry out photosynthesis using the pigment chlorophyll to turn sunlight into chemical energy
  4. photoautotrophs
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4
Q

Adaptations
(for plants)

A
  1. formation of embryo, a reproductive structure that develops into a plant
  2. the ability to grow and stand tall to get as much as sunlight as possible
  3. tissues to transport waste, nutrients, and water
  4. strategies to reproduce water loss
  5. strategies to disperse reproductive structures without water currents
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5
Q

Alternation of generations

A

most plants life cycle alternates between haploid and diploid

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6
Q

Haploid Generation

A

gametophyte : produces eggs and sperm cells (gametes)

when gametes fuse, it produces diploid zygote which then develops into an embryo

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7
Q

Diploid Generation

A

sporophyte : produces spores

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8
Q

Gametes vs Spores

A
  • spores can reproduce without having to fuse with another cell.
  • spores of some plants have tough coats that allows them to resist harsh environments
    - gametes aren’t adapted to harsh
    conditions
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9
Q

Plant Evolution

Evolutionary Steps (4)

A

Evolutionary steps for plants:
1. plants without leaves, stems, seeds colonize areas where water and land meet. (mosses)
2. plants develop lignin and begin to stand up right - lignin is chemicals that hardens cell wall, they also develop vascular tissue, to transport water and nutrients. (ferns)
3. development of seeds - embryos covered in protective covering along with a food supply, allowing plants to spread without drying out (seed plants)
4. flowering plants - reproductive strucutre that attracts animals to help spread seeds (flowering plants)

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10
Q

Major Groups of Plants

A
  1. Green Algae
  2. mosses and relatives
  3. ferns and relatives
  4. seed plants
  5. flowering plants
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11
Q

Green Algae

Major Group of Plants

A
  • biologists classified them in the protista kingdom but evidence has shown that they have cell walls and photosynthethic pigments identical to plants
  • do not undergo alternation of generations
  • closest relatives of plant ancestors
  • found in shallow freshwater around edges of ponds and lakes
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12
Q

Mosses and Relatives

Major Group of Plants

A
  • are **byrophytes ** (first land plant)
  • grow near damp locations where they can obtain water easily
  • does not have seeds, stems, or rigid support structures (can’t grow tall, called non-vascular)
  • can withstand long dry periods and harsh tundra-like conditions
  • gametophyte is the dominant generation
  • male and female gametes are produced in separate reproductive structures
    • sperm are flagellated and must swim
      through water to eggs
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13
Q

Ferns and Relatives

Major Group of Plants

A
  • sporophyte is the dominant generation (brown dots on the underside of ferns are made up of spore capsules)
    • each capsules releases a large amount of tiny haploid spores that drift to the ground and grow into tiny gametophytes on or below the soil surface
  • gametophyte produces eggs and flagellated sperm
  • sperm are flagellated and must swim through water to fertilize eggs
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14
Q

Seed Plants

Major Group of Plants

A
  • gymnosperms : not protected and enclosed in an ovary
  • vascular plants with seeds
  • seeds are plant embryos packaged in a protective coat along with a food supply
  • two adaptations for survival in diverse land habitats:
  1. smaller gametophytes than fern, can live on their own without the protection of larger sporophytes
  2. pollen evolution allowed sperms to reach eggs by travelling through a dry environment instead of swimming through water.
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15
Q

Flowering Plants

A

angiosperm = enclosed seed
- have structures that prevent water loss
- improve their ability to reproduce on land
- flowers are the most effective reproductive and seed dispersal structures found in the plant kingdom
- have many adaptations that attract insects/other animals to transfer pollen directly from one flower to another
pollinated flowers –> ripened ovary –> fruit

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16
Q

How are fruits an effective way to disperse seeds?

Flowering Plants

A
  • attract animals and ingest them
  • if undigested, seeds are passed through animals unharmed landing in new locations
17
Q

What is transpiration?

A

the release of water through the leaves (water from the ground is moved into the atmosphere)