Plants

Question 1

Kingdom vividiplantae

Answer 1

Contains plantae and aquatic protists

Question 2

Plant characteristics

Answer 2

Embryo connected by parent tissue
Alternation of generations: alternate between gametophytes and sporophytes

Question 3

What species did plants form from?

Answer 3

Green algae
Very genetically similar: have protected embryo and waxy cuticle

Question 4

Evolutionary trends of plants

Answer 4

Sporophytes become dominant stage
Gametophyte reduced and dependent on sporophyte

Question 5

Challenges of plants moving to land

Answer 5

Support system
Gamete dispersal
Water-loss

Question 6

Non-vascular plants

Answer 6

Found in moist habitats
Do not have xylem for nutrients

Question 7

Non vascular plant support system adaptations

Answer 7

Limited insupport so they are usually short

Question 8

Nonvascular plant gamete dispersal

Answer 8

Dependent on water
Flagellated sperm swims to egg

Question 9

Non-vascular adaptation to water loss

Answer 9

Waxy cuticle

Question 10

How is sporophyte nourished in non vascular plants?

Answer 10

By gametophyte

Question 11

Difference between moss and vascular plants?

Answer 11

Moss has rhizoids and not roots
Rhizoids are water absorbing cells
Moss has water conducting tissue not xylem

Question 12

Vascular land plants

Answer 12

Have xylem and phloem ( help move water and sucrose)

Question 13

Lignin

Answer 13

Provides structural support in xylem

Question 14

Gymnosperm adaptations

Answer 14

Needles have low surface area to volume ratio to minimize water loss
Avoid desiccation with thick waxy cuticle
Don’t require water for sperm (microsporangia dispersal)

Question 15

Which cone is on top on conifers?

Answer 15

Female

Question 16

Which cones are on bottom on conifers?

Answer 16

Male cones

Question 17

Advantages of seeds?

Answer 17

Protect embryo from desiccation
Carry embryo away from parent
Allow dormancy during bad years

Question 18

Gymnosperm

Answer 18

Naked seed plant
Seed not covered by ovary or fruit
Examples: cycads, ginko, conifers

Question 19

Vascular plant adaptations

Answer 19

ligin and xylem provide support
Hydrophobic thick cuticle prevents water loss
True vascular tissue (xylem) transports water

Question 20

Fertilization of horsetails gametes

Answer 20

Require water b/c flagellated sperm have to swim to egg

Question 21

Coal

Answer 21

Carbon from ferns and horsetails from carniferous period swamp
Coal is fossil fuel

Question 22

How are spores dispersed in ferns?

Answer 22

Through wind

Question 23

Pine cones

Answer 23

Seeds mature over 2 years
Female cones contain seeds
Male cones contain pollen

Question 24

Seed coat

Answer 24

Provide protection of seed

Question 25

Endosperm

Answer 25

Located inside seed coat Contains nutrients and starch

Question 26

Embryo

Answer 26

Surrounded by endosperm Gets nutrients from endosperm

Question 27

Why do long leaf pines need fire to germinate?

Answer 27

Fire opens up seed to be able to germinate and get sunlight for development

Question 28

What kind of fire is used for germination?

Answer 28

Low intensity, fast moving fire About every 2 years

Question 29

What happens if the forest goes a long time w/o fire?

Answer 29

Underbrush gets built up and big Forrest fires start that kill off trees

Question 30

What is The sister taxa to angiosperm?

Answer 30

Gymnosperm

Question 31

Are angiosperm or gymnosperm more dominant?

Answer 31

Angiosperm became more dominant after time

Question 32

What was the first angiosperm?

Answer 32

Archaefructus ( ancient fruit)

Question 33

Angiosperm

Answer 33

"enclosed seed" ovaries around ovules

Question 34

Ovule

Answer 34

Contain female gametophytes and if egg is fertilized ovule becomes seed

Question 35

Why are angiosperm dominant today?

Answer 35

Flowers and fruits

Question 36

Flowers / petals

Answer 36

Attract bugs visually Petals are visually appealing and attracts pollinators

Question 37

Petals

Answer 37

Modified leaves that attract pollinators

Question 38

How are angiosperm gametophytes nourished?

Answer 38

By sporophyte

Question 39

Pollinators

Answer 39

Transfer pollen from one plant to another Commonly bugs and birds Can be attracted to specific colors Others can be attracted by odors

Question 40

Angiosperm pollination

Answer 40

Does not rely on Chance for pollination It attracts The pollinator using flowers and covers them in pollen The pollinator goes to another flower and pollen falls off causing cross pollination

Question 41

How is pollination symbiotic mutualism?

Answer 41

Pollinator gets food Plants get cross pollination

Question 42

Fruit

Answer 42

The sweetness/tastiness of fruit attracts things to eat them

Question 43

How are fruit seeds dispersed?

Answer 43

The seed goes through digestive system The seeds are protected by the seed coat The seeds come out in feces and germinates

Question 44

Artificial selection in fruit

Answer 44

Fruits are selected for breeding and we end up having bigger fruits than what is naturally found