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Silviculture II > Planting > Flashcards

Planting Flashcards

1
Q

Define Dormancy

A

When shoot buds(apical meristems) are not elongating they are dormant. There are 2 stages.

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2
Q

Define quiescence

A
  • Beginning and end stages of dormancy, where dormancy is influenced by external environment(eg-Drought stress, unreasonable temps)
  • summer quiescence is the beginning of dormancy
  • spring quiescence preceeds budburst
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3
Q

Define rest(true dormancy)

A
  • Dormant state maintained by plant hormone growth regulators within the bud(Late oct to mid Feb/March)
  • Trees require a period of exposure to cold in order to trigger hormonal changes to bring buds to spring quiescence. Called “chilling requirement”, varies within species. Never less than 6 weeks of temperatures at <2-5°C
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4
Q

Define Cold Hardiness (Frost Resistance)

A
  • A physiological state induced by temperature and day length (photoperiod) in which the tree roots and shoots (including leaves) become very resistant to external environmental stresses (mainly cold freezing temps).
  • Good time to handle trees because they will be “resistant” to shock
  • Plants become cold hardy slowly through decreasing temps in the fall, water is drawn from cells, cells become more concentrated so contents act like an antifreeze
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5
Q

Pros and Cons of Natural Regeneration

A

PROS:

  • cheap(ish)
  • suited to site
  • potentially shorter rotation if successful
  • biodiversity
  • future commercial thinning potential
  • more environmentally friendly
  • relying on seeds naturally adapted to site-nothing grows better

CONS:

  • Limited control of: density, species, genetic quality
  • difficult to increase stocking in future(brush)
  • periodicity of cone crops
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6
Q

Pros and Cons of Artificial Regen

A

PROS:

  • you select: species, density, genetic quality
  • microsite seleciton
  • time
  • less risky

Cons:

  • Poor planting quality
  • potential poor root development
  • scheduling problems (nursery, weather, contractors, roads, etc)
  • admin problems(contracts signed, etc)
  • Cost
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7
Q

describe a planting prescription

A
  • When a stocking survey indicates insufficient stocking, a planting prescription is usually prepared to improve stocking levels, and a contract is made to implement the prescription
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8
Q

how do you develop a planting prescription

A
  • calculate number of plantable spots per hectare
  • determine seedling requirements: use info on SP, silviculture survey data cards, and FG guidebook to determine species to plant
  • Determine total number of seedlings required based on area of each stratum
  • Describe acceptable microsites for planting including scalp width and screef detph, spacing, and latitude. Refer to the SP and planting difficulty rating for spacing.
  • Use SP seed guidebook and stocktype guide to determine seedlot and propose stocktypes for prescription.
  • Complete planting difficulty rating form FS 703
  • Complete planting site prescription form FS 739
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9
Q

Describe the operational and environmental conditions that might lead to seedling mortality during planting

A

BOTH:

  • Excess moisture: very wet sites; excess water in bags
  • Excess heat: south facing slopes; storage without good air circulation
  • Dessication: root exposure to air; competing veg in excess of 25% cover
  • Cold temperatures: faculty storage or breakage; early fall, late spring freeze
  • Physical Damage: animal damage; shaking/bumping

ENVIRONMENTAL:

  • Low light: vegetation cover
  • Solarization: high elevation south slopes
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10
Q

on site seedling storage specs for spring stock (cold store)

A
  • suspend SilvaCool tarp
  • cool spot in shade (silva cool)
  • boxes on logs
  • boxes can be stacked 2 high
  • monitor boxes daily (frozen, flushed, temp, dry, mold)
  • ensure good access
  • record daily withdrawals with sign out sheet
  • PLANT ASAP
  • keep only enough trees on site as needed
  • 1-3 days at most
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11
Q

on site storage for summer stock (hot stock)

A
  • suspend SilvaCool tarp
  • find a cool spot with shade (in forest, by/on a creek, on snow)
  • place boxes on logs to allow circulation
  • open each box and stand trees up (if stored on sides)
  • do not stack boxes(need lots of space)
  • keep watering cans on site to water trees
  • monitor several times throughout the day
  • ensure good access to and from cache
  • record daily withdrawals with sign out sheet
  • PLANT ASAP: 1 day of planting in cache at one time; summer trees are extremely fragile
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12
Q

physiological responses of seedlings to water deficiency and excess

A

DEFICIENCY:

  • Ion or solute toxicity: cell solution becomes increasingly concentrated during water loss, decreasing activity of cellular regulations
  • Cell disruption: cell membrane is ripped away from its attachments to the cell wall

EXCESS:

  • Inundation (flooding): depletion of oxygen in standing water by plant roots leads to accumulation of toxic compounds in root cells
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13
Q

Physiological response of seedlings to low and high temperatures

A

LOW

  • alternating low(freezing) and high temps can disrupt activity of membrane associated reactions responsible for food and energy production
  • freezing that results in extracellular ice formation induces cell desiccation similar to drought stress
  • freezing that results in intracellular ice formation kills the cell/tissue

HIGH

  • increasing temps to between 25 and 40°C increases the food use/food production ratio, depleting reserves and reducing activity of heat sensitive regulators
  • temps above 50°C destroy regulatory compounds (DNA and enzymes) within cells/tissues
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14
Q

Physiological response of seedlings to physical abuse (wounding/compression/tension/torque/vibration)

A
  • short term response to abuse(0-3min) is an increase in respiration, which depletes reserves and generates heat, and alteration of membrane regulatory capacity which influences traffic control
  • long term response to abuse (after 30min) is an increase in the gaseous hormone, ethylene, which signals changes in cell regulators(membranes and enzymes) to accommodate adjustment and repair
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15
Q

General what-to-know for picking microsite

A
  • always define acceptable planting medium
  • plant near obstacles where possible to discourage browse and cattle trampling
  • plant below obstacles on steep slopes
  • decide whether vegetation is competitive or beneficial(shade)
  • avoid compacted soils unless rehabbed
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16
Q

planting in dry microsites

A
  • use or create depressions
  • plant a little deeper to allow roots to access moisture deep in soil profile
  • plant close to objects (slash/stumps)
  • scalp LFH to avoid excessive heat to root collar and prologned heat into night hours(unless duff planting advised)
17
Q

planting in wet microsites

A
  • use or create raised microsites
  • plant a little deeper on mounds to avoid frost heave
  • never place a tree in a hole with water
  • plant right into duff unless excessively thick. will avoid excavation of large screef resulting in cold air trapping
18
Q

planting on brushy sites

A

should prescribe a brushing(or site prep)treatment in conjunction with planting when vegetation is competing. don’t duff plant because it leaves vegetation undisturbed, unless veg is beneficial for shade

19
Q

planting in cold soils

A

use or create raised microsites

shorter plugs to focus root egress in the top soil horizons

20
Q

Duff or “f layer” planting

A
  • planting directly into forest floor where top part of plug is flush with f-layer
  • do this because LFH has low bulk density which is good for oxygen, and a high nutrient content (mycorrhizae and micro orgs)
  • best in conditions where light, moisture, and temp are not limiting
21
Q

using decayed wood as a planting medium

A

not advised on hot dry sites. Good moisture storage in the beginning, but organics arent available to roots of seedling as wood dries out.

on cold, wet sites decayed wood can be saturated with moisture and colder than the surrounding soil, so not advised for a planting medium.

22
Q

good planting depths?

A
  • at root collar to avoid respiration expenditures on changing tissue morphology(shoot to root)
  • too deep can lead to rotting of root collar
  • too shallow can dry out roots and make seedling susceptible to frost heave
23
Q

what are the 7 common stock problems and what do you do to address them

A
  1. Dry Roots. Seedlings at risk of dessication.
    Cover boxes with a tarp, keep in cool location, monitor, avoid exposure of roots to air, dip in slurry for 1 min before placing in planting bag, spray with water, wet sponges in bottom of bag, call nursery
  2. Buds flushing and/or root tips elongating indicating seedlings have broken dormancy:
    handle with extreme care; plant immediately; open boxes/bags up-get air flowing; make sure trees aren’t cooking; call nursery; plant those trees first
  3. Cold weather. Low temps and windy:
    Keep seedlings in boxes until needed; monitor temps; gently place dampened sphagnum moss over roots; protect, insulate, push boxes together to minimize air flow.
  4. Torn or damaged boxes:
    handle with care, monitor handling
  5. Seedlings not totally thawed, partly frozen:
    Call nursery; figure out which boxes are frozen trees; lay bundles out, away from direct sunlight (under forest canopy); have to thaw slowly or trees are shocked. call nursery
  6. Evidence of grey moulds in seedlings(botrytis):
    Call supplier/nursery; Check for degree of infection(some acceptable); percentage of trees affected? can be compensated for loss. cant plant once mushy
  7. Excessive moisture in boxes or bags:
    expose to air; drain water from boxes(small puncture holes); plant ASAP
24
Q

steps involved in planning for planting

A
  • site plan development(2 years prior)
  • order stock
  • prepare bid packages(Fall)
  • schedule viewing(fall)
  • receive bids/review/select
  • sign contract
  • set start date
  • notice to commence
  • contractor pre-work
  • planter pre-work
  • start planting
  • monitor planting quality/pay plots
  • pay certificate
25
Q

discuss area based and tree based planting

A

area based:

In area-based contracts, payment is based on the number of `units,’ either a clearly defined geographic area (e.g., a cutblock) or a hectare, that are acceptably planted, and the planting quality premium.

planters maximize their income by planting the largest area with a given number of seedlings. Buffers, unplantable ground, and poor microsites are avoided

Tree based:

payment is based on number of trees planted. Well suited to more difficult terrain or fill plants. Success could be limited by planters hiding/tossing trees to count as pieces planted rather than putting them in the ground

26
Q

what is MAD?

A

MAD: minimum acceptable planting density.In most cases MAD should be less than or equal to the lower confidence limit of the number of plantable spots determined by the plantability survey.

  • critical value in area-based planting.
  • Areas planted at a density below the minimum acceptable level are not paid for.
27
Q

Describe the general content of a schedule A and schedule B for a tree planting contract

A
  • SCHEDULE A: Glossary, terminology within contract explained;
  • obligations of contractor and employer
  • when and how contract can become null and void

SCHEDULE B:

  • Prices-block by block info/summary
  • summary of area, number of trees, species, stock type
  • $/tree; total $/block
28
Q

what is SPAR and how does it work?

A

Seed Planning and Registry

Provincial registry

Everyone uses it to order seed. Usually by kg.

Constantly being updated

Good support group

Silviculture II (5 decks)

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