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Silviculture II > Final Review > Flashcards

Final Review Flashcards

1
Q

what is the purpose of a site plan?

A
  • provides long term planning perspective at the stand level and the foundation for building a prescription describing an effective, well conceived set of treatments to meet clear long term objectives.
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2
Q

what is a standards unit

A

area that is managed through the uniform application of a silvicultural system, stocking standards, and soil conservation standards.

These standards are used to determine if legal regeneration, free growing, and soil conservation obligations are met.

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3
Q

Define Seedlot

A

Seeds of a particular crop gathered at one time and likely to have similar germination rates and other characteristics.

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4
Q

what factors must be considered regarding planting density?

A
  • Target stocking at FG in accordance with SP
  • Rate of survival
  • Expected natural fill in
  • Number of plantable spots
  • Site conditions: limiting factors such as rock, slash, etc.
  • Biodiversity, wildlife, riparian objectives
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5
Q

what is a treatment unit (TU)>

A

an area of land upon which a silviculture activity is planned and carried out, usually within the boundary of an opening.

in newer SP’s, TU’s are referred to as SU’s

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6
Q

What influences planting density at the SP stage?

A

minimum inter tree spacing

stocking standards

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7
Q

what influences planting density decisions at the post harvest stage?

A
  • Density = Target Stocking FG + expected mortality - WS natural regeneration
  • determined by working backwards from the desired stocking at FG and considering which factors will affect the final stocking
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8
Q

Difference between: group seedtree, group shelterwood, group selection, clearcut with group reserves

A
  • Group seedtree: groups of trees left in block uniformly to provide seed, harvested in removal cut once regeneration established
  • Group shelterwood: small gaps created (1-2 tree lengths), left trees provide shelter for even aged stand to develop beneath, removed once new stand developed
  • Group Selection: Promotes uneven aged stands,
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9
Q

BDQ

A

Goal is sustained yield

b: Residual basal area

D: max. diameter class where harvesting takes place

q: represents relationship of diam. class distribution and basal area to next class up

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10
Q

Name implications stand tending has for forest values

A
  • Juvenile spacing: slash loading will decrease manoeuvrability for animals
  • CT: affects nesting birds or animal homes
  • Fuel loading
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11
Q

Benefits of Juvenile spacing (PCT)

A
  • bigger piece size
  • decreased rotation-gets to certain size faster
  • health benefits (pop up spacing to counteract DRA)
  • sanitation thin
  • thrifty stand
  • harvesting easier with uniformly spaced stand
  • logging costs cheaper
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12
Q

“capturing mortality”

A

increase overall volume recovery/ha in successive entries (shift biomass before it becomes deadwood)

target trees you know won’t grow anymore anyways

energy wont be wasted, move volume into healthier trees before its lost

go in early before tree starts self pruning

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13
Q

“thinning window”

A
  • after crowns reach crown closure and before mortality has occurred
  • have proper dbh/ht ratio to avoid blowdown
  • juveniles respond better than old trees
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14
Q

What is the difference between juvenile wood and mature wood

A

Juvenile wood:

found near pith in every tree

aka “crown wood”: that part of stem formed under influence of live crown

faster growing trees have more JW

lower density

shorter fibres, longer fibril angles

lower cellulose content

more LC=more JW

Mature Wood:

influenced by growht hormones and absence of live crown

strong fibres

decreased fibril angle

less shrinkage when dried

HIGH QUALITY WOOD

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15
Q

early wood and late wood

A

EARLY WOOD

  • low density
  • produced may-mid july
  • larger diameter
  • thin walled fibre

LATE WOOD

  • produced when leader growth stops, new needles mature, less crown activity
  • small diameter
  • thick walled fibres
  • higher density
  • transition occurs furthest away from leader
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16
Q

what does thrifty mean

A

healthier, happier, less stress

17
Q

Pre-stand tending surveys sample and record data in situations where maximum density is exceeded prior to FG OR………

A

as part of a post FG stand strategy

18
Q

what biological, economical and operational factors would you use to rank a stand for PCT

A

BIOLOGICAL:

species that best responds

site quality(low SI, high elev is bad)

growth stage

% LC ratio

health

limiting factors

starting density

OPERATIONAL:

access, terrain, slope, elevation

ECONOMICAL:

benefits vs. cost (value/tree vs. volume/ha)

19
Q

PCT crop tree selection criteria:

A
  • healthy terminal
  • dominants/co dominants
  • good form
  • small branches
  • preferred species
  • no defects
  • healthy
  • good microsite
  • biggest and best
  • min. inter tree distance
  • good LCR %
20
Q

’s to know for juvenile spacing

A
  • max countable density
  • max. post spacing density less than TSS + 600
  • min. post spacing density greater than MSS
  • impact on non timber values
  • health
21
Q

define ghost tree

A

valuable or protected tree species that may be designated as non competing and retained in stand regardless of proximity or size. specified in prescription or contract

22
Q

whats a void

A

natural opening due to mortality or disease

23
Q

define a non reworkable error when doign FS 749

A

faults which damage the stand or crop trees that cannot be corrected

EG: pruning too high, cutting crop tree

24
Q

is commercial thinning a silviculture system? when is CT done? Does it require an SP?

A

No, part of clear cut silviculture system (usually)

Done when trees have reached merchantable size in immature stands, prior to final rotation. Beetle proofs stands, manipulates age class distributions, changing from even aged stand to uneven aged.

Requires SP.

25
Q

Good candidate stands for CT?

A

% LC of residuals (less than 30% will give poor response)

Density (greater than 3000 sph is too difficult)

resistance to windthrow

easy access (present and future)

26
Q

Describe the 4 types of CT

A
  1. Low thinning or thinning from below. Removal of trees in lower crown classes: intermediate and suppressed stems of low vigour (refer to graph in handout for all)
  2. crown thinning. Removes part of co dominant crown class to favour retention of dominants and healthy intermediate crown class. Favours establishment of second story expected to respond.
  3. Selection thinning: removal of dominants to encourage development of co dominant and intermediate. used in situations where dominants diseased or poor quality (overmature seral)
  4. Geometric thinning: aka mechanical. Used in high densities using rows or strips
27
Q

Candidate stands for pruning:

A
  • species specific
  • high SI
  • high quality growing sites
  • stand ht = 50% of tree should be in LC
  • Diameter-smaller diameter maximizes amount of clear wood produced
  • small size and number of branches
  • good health
  • uniform structure
28
Q

what does lift mnean

A

removal of lowest branches to a given height

“Raising the canopy of tree”

29
Q

Typical nutrients that often limit growth in stands?

A
  • Nitrogen (number one)
  • Phosphorus-typical with presence of lots of decaying wood
  • Potassium
  • Sulphur
  • Boron
30
Q

Why should intertree spacing be increased if you are planning to fertilize?

A

because crop trees must have room to expand

31
Q

Why should you do a foliar analysis?

A

Because determining what nutrients are lacking (if any)will help to decide if fertilization should occur or not.

(EG: Chlorotic needles could mean nutrient deficiency, drought, disease)

32
Q

What must be protected during and after a fertilization project?

A
  • water resources
  • community watersheds
  • fisheries
  • cattle
  • wildlife
33
Q

list four features that define the target stand.

A
  1. species composition
  2. rotation age
  3. vertical structure
  4. size (ht, dbh) at rotation age
34
Q

what factors can we manipulate using stand tending treatments?

A

stocking

can increase vol/tree

stand structure (vertical and horizontal)

amount of juvenile to mature wood

Silviculture II (5 decks)

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