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Plantar Surface of the Foot > Plantar Foot > Flashcards

Plantar Foot Flashcards

1
Q

How many peroneal retinacula (aka external or lateral annular ligament of the tarsus) are there?

A

2: superior and inferior

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2
Q

the superior peroneal retinaculum crosses superficial to the tendons of what?

A

peroneus longus and brevis muscles

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3
Q

what are the attachments for the superior peroneal retinaculum?

A

begins anteriorly on the posterior border of the lateral malleolus and is attached posteriorly on the lateral surface of the calcaneus and the tendo calcaneus

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4
Q

what are the attachments for the inferior peroneal retinaculum?

A

anteriorly- attached to lateral rim of sinus tarsi

posteriorly- lateral surface of calcaneus and to peroneal trochlea

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5
Q

between the attachments for the inferior peroneal retinaculum, it forms a superior tunnel and inferior tunnel for what structures?

A

superior tunnel- for tendon of peroneus brevis muscle

inferior tunnel- for tendon of peroneus longus muscle

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6
Q

what are the attachments for the flexor retinaculum?

A
  1. apex- attached to anteromedial surface of medial malleolus
  2. base- attached along superior border of abductor hallucis muscle and to the medial process of the calcaneus
  3. anterior border- continuous w/ dorsal aponeurosis of the foot
  4. posterior border- continuous w/ deep fascia of the leg
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7
Q

the flexor retinaculum forms the roof of the tarsal tunnel which houses which tendons?

A
  1. tendon of tibialis posterior
  2. flexor digitorum longus
  3. posterior tibial artery and tibial nerve
  4. flexor hallucis longus
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8
Q

where does the plantar aponeurosis attach posteriorly?

A

medial process of the cacaneal tuberosity

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9
Q

at the metatarsal heads, the plantar aponeurosis divides into digital slips. each digital slip is divided into a deep and superficial layer. where does each attach?

A

superficial- attached to skin of the transverse sulcus
deep- divides into 2 slips, one on each side of the flexor tendons of each digit , and then blends with the tendon sheaths

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10
Q

the lateral part of the plantar aponeurosis is superficial to what structure?

A

abductor digiti minimi muscle

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11
Q

the medial part of the plantar aponeurosis is superficial to what structure?

A

abductor hallucis

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12
Q

what is the posterior attachement of the medial part of the plantar aponeurosis?

A

flexor retinaculum

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13
Q

Name the muscles in the 1st layer of the plantar foot.

A

abductor hallucis
flexor digitorum brevis
abductor digiti minimi (quinti)

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14
Q

what is the porta pedis?

A

the entrance of the plantar vessels and nerves into the foot ; covered by abductor hallucis

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15
Q

what is the O/I for abductor hallucis?

A

origin- medial process of calcaneal tuberosity, flexor retinaculum, plantar aponeurosis, and IM septum btwn it and the flexor digitorum brevis

insertion- base of the proximal phalanx of the first digit

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16
Q

what is the innervation of abductor hallucis?

A

medial plantar nerve

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17
Q

what is the O/I for flexor digitorum brevis?

A

origin- plantar aponeurosis, medial & lateral IM septa, and from medial process of calcaneal tuberosity

insertion- divides into 4 tendons for each of the lateral 4 digits –> –> –> middle phalanges of the lateral 4 digits

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18
Q

what is the innervation for flexor digitorum brevis?

A

medial plantar nerve

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19
Q

function for flexor digitorum brevis?

A

flexor of PIPJ of the 4 lesser digits and the MPJ

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20
Q

describe the pathway the digital slips of the flexor digitorum brevis takes before its insertion?

A

each digital tendon runs in the tendon sheath of the FDL until it reaches the base of the proximal phalanx where it divides into 2 slips. The slips diverge frome ach other to surround the tendon of FDL. They then reunite to lie deep to the FDL tendon. The tendon slips then re-divide to insert into the middle phalanges of the lateral 4 digtis

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21
Q

what is the O/I for abductor digiti minimi?

A

origin- arises from lateral and medial processes of the calcaneal tuberosity and from the depression in between the lateral and medial processes

insertion- (lies in a groove on the plantar surface of the 5th met) inserts into the lateral side of the plantar surface of the base of the proximal phalanx of 5th digit

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22
Q

what is the name for an accessory insertion of abductor digiti minimi into the base of the 5th met?

A

abductor os metatarsi digiti minimi

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23
Q

what is the innervation of abductor digiti minimi?

A

lateral plantar nerve

24
Q

function of abductor digiti minimi?

A

abduct and flex the 5th digit

25
Q

what is in the second layer of the plantar foot?

A

quadratus plantae
4 lumbricals
tendon of FDL
tendon of FHL

26
Q

O/I for quadratus plantae?

A

origin- (QP has 2 heads of origin separated by long plantar ligament)

  • the larger medial head arises from the medial process of the calcaneus
  • the lateral head arises from the lateral process of calcaneus

insertion- fibers from medial/lateral heads pass from their origins to unite and insert on the tendon of FDL

27
Q

innervation of quadratus plantae?

A

trunk of lateral plantar nerve

28
Q

function of quadratus plantae?

A

accessory flexor of the lateral 4 toes

helps FDL by putting tension on its tendons and straightening the line of pull of the long flexor

29
Q

O/I of lumbricals?

A

origin- tendons of FDL

  • the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th lumbricals arise from the adjacent sides of flexor tendons
  • the 1st lumbrical originates from the medial side of the most medial tendon only

insertion- insert into the medial surface of the extensor expansion

  • the 1st lumbrical- inserts on the extensor expansion of the 2nd digit
  • the 2nd lumbrica- inserts on the 3rd digit, (and so on)
30
Q

what is the innervation of the lumbricals?

A

1st lumbrical- innervated by medial plantar nerve

while the others are innervated by the deep branch of the lateral plantar nerve

31
Q

what is the function of the lumbricals?

A

flex the MPJ and extend the IPJ

32
Q

recall what forms the “wing” of the extensor hood.

A

the tendons of the lumbricals?

33
Q

Name the structures in the 3rd layer of the plantar foot.

A

flexor hallucis brevis
flexor digiti minimi brevis
adductor hallucis

34
Q

O/I for flexor hallucis brevis

A

origin (has 2 heads of origin)-

  • lateral head arises from cuboid near the peroneal groove, from lateral cuneiform , and occasionally from long and short plantar ligaments
  • the deep fibers of the medial head arises from tendon of tibialis posterior; its superficial fibers arise from the IM septum btwn medial and central compartments

insertion- as the muscle passes towards the first digit, the fibers fuse briefly and divide into 2 bellies.

  • the medial head- inserts on the medial side of the plantar surface of teh base of the proximal phalanx, the medial sesamoid, and the plantar pad of the hallux
  • the lateral head- inserts on the lateral side of the plantar suface of the base of the proximal phalanx, the lateral sesamoid, and the plantar pad
35
Q

recall what structures insert on the plantar surface of the base of the proximal phalanx of the 1st toe.

A 
abductor hallucis (medial side)/ adductor hallucis (lateral side) 
flexor hallucis brevis
36
Q

innervation of flexor hallucis brevis?

A

medial plantar nerve

37
Q

function of flexor hallucis brevis?

A

flexes the 1st MPJ

38
Q

O/I of adductor hallucis

A

origin- (has 2 heads or origin)

  • oblique head- plantar surface of teh bases of the 2nd-4th mets and from the tendon of peroneus longus
  • transverse head-from plantar plates, plantar metatarsophalangeal ligaments and from deep transverse metatarsal ligament

insertion- lateral side of the plantar surface of the base of the 1st proximal phalanx, in common with lateral head of the flexor hallucis brevis

39
Q

innervation of adductor hallucis?

A

deep branch of the lateral plantar nerve

40
Q

function of adductor hallucis?

A

adducts the 1st toe at the first MPJ

41
Q

what is the name of the portion of adductor hallucis that inserts into the 1st met?

A

opponens hallucis muscle

42
Q

O/I of flexor digiti minimi brevis

A

origin- plantar surface of the base of the 5th met & from tendon of peroneus longus and plantar aponeurosis

insertion- plantar surface of the proximal phalanx of teh 5th digit

43
Q

innervation of flexor digiti minimi brevis

A

superficial branch of the lateral plantar nerve

44
Q

action of flexor digiti minimi brevis

A

flex and abduct the 5th digit

45
Q

recall what other muscle inserts on the plantar surface of the proximal phalanx of the 5th digit.

A

abductor digiti minimi- of the 1st layer

flexor digiti minmi breivs- of the 3rd layer

46
Q

what is in the 4th layer?

A

3 plantar interossei

dorsal interossei

47
Q

O/I for plantar interossei?

A

origin- arises from teh bases and MEDIAL sides of the shafts of the 3rd, 4th, and 5th metatarsals

insertion- medial sides of teh bases of the proximal phalanges, capsules of the MPJ and extensor expansions `

48
Q

innervation of plantar interossei

A

lateral plantar nerve

  • the deep branch- innervates 1st and 2nd plantar interossei
  • the superficial branch- innervates the 3rd plantar interossei
49
Q

function of plantar interossei

A

adductors of the 3rd-5th digits

50
Q

O/I of dorsal interossei

A

origin- adjacent sides of teh metatarsals
insert- base of proximal phalanx and extensor expansions
Ex. 1st dorsal interosseous inserts to the medial side of the 2nd digit, the second to the lateral side of 2nd digit, the third to the latearl side of 3rd digit, etc.

51
Q

innervation of dorsal interossei

A

innervation to all but the 4th dorsal interosseous is provided by the deep branch of the lateral plantar nerve
*4th dorsal interosseous is isntead innervated y superficial branch of lateral plantar nerve

52
Q

function of dorsal itnerosseoi?

A

abductors of the digits

53
Q

what 3 structures are innvervated by the superficial branch of the lateral plantar nerve?

A

4th dorsal interosseus
flexor digiti minimi brevis
3rd plantar interosseus

54
Q

what nerve and what artery pierces the flexor retinaculum?

A

medial calcaneal nerve (branch of tibial n.)

medial calcaneal artery

55
Q

what is the laciniate ligament?

A

aka flexor retinaculum

56
Q

what structures insert on the medial plantar tubercle of the proximal phalanx of great toe?

A
  1. medial head of flexor hallucis brevis

2. abductor hallucis

57
Q

what structures insert on the latearl plantar tubercle fo the proximal phalanx of great toe?

A
  1. lateral head of flexor hallucis brevis

2. adductor hallucis (transverse head)

Plantar Surface of the Foot (2 decks)

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