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Cell Biology > Plant tissues > Flashcards

Plant tissues Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

All eukaryotic cells have…

(2)

A
  • Crucial physiological, biochemical and molecular functions.
  • Non-static cytoplasm.
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2
Q

Characteristics unique to plant cells.

(6)

A
  • Different composition of plasma membrane
  • Rigid cell wall.
  • Middle lamella
  • Presence of vacuole
  • Absence of intermediate filaments.
  • More extensive range of plastids and microbodies.
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3
Q

Composition of macromolecules in plasma membrane of plants.

A
  • Lower concentrations of cholesterols
  • Higher concentration of complex sterols.
  • The range of sterols is much greater as they have to adapt to the environment rapidly.
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4
Q

Vacuole

A

Required for cell turgor.
Contains water and important solutes for cellular function.

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5
Q

Features of nuclei common to most eukaryotic cells

(6)

A
  • One nucleus containg the cells DNA
  • Double membrane of nuclear envelope is part of ER.
  • nucleolus
  • Heterochromatin
  • similar cell cycle components and regulation stages.
  • Nuclear pore complexes
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6
Q

Nucleolus

A
  • Site of nuclear ribosome synthesis - where RNA is made.
  • rRNA subunits come together to make up 80S ribosomes in all eukaryotes.
  • Size of ribosomes is different in plastids
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7
Q

Heterochromatin

A

10%: multi-coiled, usually found at the periphery
Non-coding DNA

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8
Q

Nuclear Pore Complexes

A
  • High order quaternary protein complex aggregates.
  • supramolecular sieves that control export and import.
  • Proteins require nuclear localisation in N-terminal sequences to gain entry.
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9
Q

A feature of the plasma membrane common to all living cells …

A

… are fluid-mosaic model holds.

This is the lipid bilayer with hydrophobic regions facing each other.
Fluid = things can move
Mosaic = things imbedded in that can also move.
Leaflets have different compositions of peripheral and anchored proteins, but share integral protein complexes.

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10
Q

Features of plasma membrane in plant cells

A
  • Higher proportion of many types of sterols.
  • Lower concentration of cholesterol.
  • Contain galactolipids in the head groups of chloroplast membranes.
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11
Q

Galactolipids

A

allow phosphates to be used for other essential cellular processes.
More effecient process evolved in ancestral prokaryotes.

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12
Q

Features of vesicle transport common to eukaryotic cells

(3)

A
  • Plasma membrane of living cells is never static
  • Secretory pathways are mediated by COPII-coated vesicles.
  • Endocytotic pathways are mediated by clathrin-coated and COPI-coated vesicles
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13
Q

Characteristics of vesicle transport unique to plants and fungi.

(2)

A
  • More transport of sterols to plasma membran and glycoproteins
  • Sterols make up a high proportion of the plasma membrane, particularly in the leaf epidermal cells and seed coat cells.
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14
Q

Features of the endomembrane system in eukaryotic cells.

(4)

A
  • Forms close associations with different organelles
  • Certain proteins are specific to each type of association
  • Rough and smooth ER
  • Produce microbodies such as peroxisomes and oil bodies.
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15
Q

Microbodies

A
  • Small specialised organelles with no DNA or ribosomes.
  • Have simple plasma membrane leaflets.
  • Carry out specific and specialised enzymatic reactions.
  • Known as semi-autonomous, because they can grow, divide, or fuse
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16
Q

Key characteristics unique to plant cells

(5)

A
  • ER shared between cells.
  • Transvascular strands
  • Predominantly polygonal network structure in elongated plant types
  • Cisternae
  • Unique protein - plasma membrane associations
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17
Q

Cisternae

A

Used for processing proteins.
More flattened and very prevalent in young plant cells.

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18
Q

Microbodies in eukaryotic cells have a …

A

… single leaflet membrane. They carry out specialised functions of intermediate metabolites. They house compounds and contain no DNA or ribosomes.

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19
Q

Oil bodies

A

Store triglycerides in seeds

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20
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Contain catalase to quickly degrade hydrogen peroxide, which can be generated as a by-product of inefficient photosynthetic processes in leaves.

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21
Q

Glyoxysomes

A

specialised peroxisomes that are particularly found in large quantities in storage plant cells. They process fatty acids to make acetyl coenzyme A and sugars, which are needed for metabolic processes in mitochondria.

22
Q

Features of plastids common to living cells

(6)

A
  • Highly specialised organelles such as mitochondria
  • Have complex double membrane (two leaflets) made up of galactolipids
  • Have their own DNA and ribosomes
  • Semi-autonomous, so can grow, divide, fuse and be degraded.
  • Are moved around the cytosol via actin microfilaments.
  • Highly dynamic - readily undergo fission or fusion
23
Q

Plastids in plants

A

Chloroplasts - energy producing organelles with a third set of membranes called thylakoids, which are specialized to promote efficient photosynthesis.
More types of plastids are possible in different plant cells.

24
Q

Proplastids

A

Predominantly found in meristem cells.
Membrane is rudimentary and internal grana are missing

25
Q

Etioplasts

A

internal lattice of rudimentary membranes which will develop into grana

26
Q

Leucoplasts

A

Contain no pigments

27
Q

Cell walls of fungi

A

Fungi have chitin-based cell walls

28
Q

Soluble proteins are important for …

A

… cell-cell signalling

29
Q

Secondary cell wall

A

Present in the vascular tissue of many plant groups and all woody plants.
Also present in tissues that are water-impermeable,
Ligin is important in the walls of water-conducting plant tissue.

30
Q

Intercellular junctions in animal cells

A

Animals are mobile.
Cells only have a plasma membrane, so junctions are needed for adhesion and cohesion.
* Tight junctions
* Desmosomes
* Gap junctions

31
Q

Intercellular junctions of plants

A

Plants have a sessile lifestyle.
They have a partially permeable primary cell walls stuck together with a gel-like middle lamella for organism flexibility. Specialised tissues have additional impermeable secondary cell walls for organism ridigity.
Only have one type of junction - plasmosdesmata

32
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

Used for osmotic control and communication.
Desmotubules link to the ER and contribute to biomechanical sensing and signalling.
Can have a complex architecture to maintain cell wall integrity.

33
Q

Cells

A
  • Usually all perform housekeeping functions
  • Can be specialized. Form often relates to function.
  • They also often have unique biochemical profiles.
  • In plants, 40 different cell types that fall into three main types/groups
34
Q

Tissue

A
  • Uniform-looking group of cells which perform a specialized function.
  • Three main types/groups in vegetative phase
35
Q

Organ

A

Different tissues made up of groups of different cell types

36
Q

Plants have two phases in their life cycle…

A

… vegetative and reproductive.

37
Q

The three types of plant cells/tissues

A
  1. Dermal
  2. Ground (cortex)
  3. Vascular
38
Q

Dermal cells/tissues

A

May form several protective layers
May also have additional associated cells:
* Epidermis.
* Guard cells.
* Trichromes
* Periderm

39
Q

Epidermis

A

Non woody plants and non-woody parts
Single layer, often has a cutic.e to prevent water loss.

40
Q

Guard cells

A

Control water loss and affect gaseous exchanges

41
Q

Trichomes

A

On leaves and stems
Additional physical barrier or may have a secretory function.

42
Q

Periderm

A

Roots and stems of woody plants.
secondary cell walls of dermal tissue are reinforced with lignin and suberin.
These cell layers exposed to the environment are dead.

43
Q

Ground/cortext cells/tissues

A
  • Three types of tissues:
    1. Parenchyma
    2. Collenchyma
    3. Sclerenchyma
  • Supportive and connective
  • Carry out most of the housekeeping biochemical functions in plants
  • Longitudinal.
  • Only primary cell walls, so reduced rigidity.
44
Q

Parenchyma cells

(5)

A
  • Most common type of ground cell
  • Least specialized but perform key metabolic functions
  • Have thin and flexible primary walls and lack secondary (lignified) walls
  • In roots, they contain colourless plastids that store starch (amyloplasts)
  • They also retain the ability to differentiate into other types of cells
45
Q

Collencyma cells

(5)

A
  • Differentiated (adapted) parenchyma cells.
  • Collenchyma cells are grouped in strands and help support young parts of the plant shoot.
  • They have thicker and uneven cell walls – layering of primary cell wall.
  • They lack secondary walls.
  • This ensures that these cells provide flexible support without restraining growth
46
Q

Sclerenchyma cells

(3)

A
  • Differentiated (adapted) parenchyma cells which die once secondary walls are laid down.
  • Sclereids: short and irregular in shape and have thick lignified secondary walls. Found in seed coats, nut shells, and the texture to pear fruits.
  • Fibers: long and slender and arranged in threads
47
Q

The xylem and phloem are examples of _ cells/tissues

A

Vascular

48
Q

Xylem cells

A
  • Conduct water
  • Tracheids
  • Vessel elements
49
Q

Tracheids

A
  • Type of xylem cell
  • common to most plants
  • Long, thin, tapered ends
  • promote lateral movement of water
50
Q

Vessel elements

A
  • Type of xylem cell
  • Tall trees
  • more robust (lignified) vascular tissue
  • Perforated end walls or no end plates:
  • promotes upward movement
51
Q

Phloem cells

(6)

A
  • sucrose conducting
  • Sieve-tube elements.
  • Non-conducting companion cell: Nucleus and ribosomes serve both cells.
  • In some plants, companion cells load sucroseinto the sieve-tube elements.
  • P-protein are active in transport - controls how nutrients move through sieve.
  • Is associated throughout the endomembrane system.
52
Q

Sieve-tube elements

A
  • Only type of phloem cells.
  • Alive at functional maturity
  • No nucleus, ribosomes, vacuole and cytoskeleton
  • Porous end sieve plants
  • Can conduct nutrients

Cell Biology (16 decks)

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