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PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY & TAXONOMY > Plant Tissue > Flashcards

Plant Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

§ Derived from shoot and root apical meristems
§ Composed of primary tissues
§ Constitutes the herbaceous parts of a plant

A

Primary Plant Body
(Herbaceous Body)

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2
Q

A plant that never becomes woody nor covered with bark; often lives for < 1 year; consists only of a primary plant body

A

Herb

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3
Q

§ Derived from meristems other than apical meristems
§ Composed of secondary tissues: wood and bark
§ Constitutes the woody, bark-covered parts of a
plant

A

Secondary Plant Body
(Woody Body)

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4
Q

has 1° tissues at its shoot and root tips, and a seedling consists only of 1° tissues. But wood and bark (2° tissues) arise inside the 1° tissues of stems and roots after few mos.

A

Woody Plant

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5
Q

A group of cells that perform specific function

A

Tissues

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6
Q

Level of Organisation
(Plants)

A

Cells
Tissues
Organ
Organ System
Organism

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7
Q

Tissues Classifications
(Based on stage of development)

A
  • embryonic or meristematic
  • permanent
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8
Q

Tissues Classification
(Based on composition)

A
  • Simple
  • Complex
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9
Q

Meristematic Tissues
[based on initiating cells]
(Origin & Development)

A
  • Promeristem (Primordial meristem)
  • Primary Meristem
  • Secondary Meristem
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10
Q

Meristematic Tissues
[based on position in the plant body]
(Location)

A
  • Apical
  • Intercallary
  • Lateral
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11
Q

Meristematic Tissues
(Function)

A
  • Protoderm (Dermatogen)
  • Procambium (Plerome)
  • Fundamental / Ground Meristem (Periblem)
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12
Q

Permanent Tissues
(Simple Permanent)
[Ground Tissue system]

A
  • Parenchyma
  • Collenchyma
  • Sclerenchyma
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13
Q

Permanent Tissues
(Complex Permanent)
[Vascular tissue system]

A
  • Xylem (Primary)
  • Phloem (Primary)
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14
Q

Tissues where the cells are in the mitotic state

A

Meristematic

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15
Q

The Length (Tip)

A

Apical Meristem

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16
Q

Elongation

A

Intercalary Meristem

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17
Q

Thickness

A

Lateral Meristem

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18
Q
  • 1° Vascular Tissue
    (Vascular Tissue system)
  • Central Cylinder
A

Procambium

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19
Q
  • Ground Tissue
    (Ground Tissue system)
  • Future cortex
A

Ground Meristem

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20
Q
  • Epidermis
    (Dermal Tissue system)
  • Embryonic epidermis
A

Protoderm

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21
Q
  • cells are stable, no longer dividing
  • It is differentiated into 2 types
A

Permanent

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22
Q
  • composed of one type of cells
  • differentiates into dermal or protective and ground or fundamental
  • Classified based on the nature of cell wall
A

Simple Permanent tissue

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23
Q
  • composed of different kinds of cells but perform similar function
A

Complex permanent tissue

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24
Q

(Simple Permanent Tissue Types)
A mass of parenchyma cells; most common type of tissue constituting all soft parts of a plant

A

Parenchyma Tissue

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25
Q

(Simple Permanent Tissue Types)
- most common type of cell
- Has thin primary walls; large vacuole
- active metabolically and alive at maturity
- Numerous subtypes are specialized for particular tasks.

A

Parenchyma Cells

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26
Q

Parenchyma cells of geranium

A

Nucleus (pink
Nucleolus (red)
Cell walls
Vacuoles

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27
Q

(Parenchyma Cells)
- involved in photosynthesis: chloroplast
- the thinness of the wall allows light and carbon dioxide to pass through to the chloroplasts

A

Chlorenchyma Cells

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28
Q

(Parenchyma Cells)
- mediate the short-distance transport of material by means of a large, extensive plasma membrane capable of holding numerous molecular pumps

A

Transfer Cells

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29
Q

(Parenchyma Cells)
- secrete nectar, fragrances, mucilage, resins, and oils
- contain few chloroplasts but have ↑ amounts of dictyosomes and endoplasmic reticulum

A

Glandular Cells

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30
Q

(Parenchyma Cells)
- Specialized in gas exchange; large intercellular spaces

A

Aerenchyma

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31
Q

(Parenchyma Cells)
- Specialized in gas exchange; large intercellular spaces

A

Aerenchyma

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32
Q

(Simple Permanent Tissue)
- a mass of collenchyma cells

A

Collenchyma Tissue

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33
Q

(Simple Permanent Tissue)
- Unevenly thickened primary walls (thin in some areas, thick most often in the corners)
- Typically alive at maturity
- Provide plasticity, the ability to be deformed by pressure or tension and to retain the new shape even if the pressure or tension ceases.
- present in elongating shoot tips as a layer just under the epidermis or as bands located next to vascular bundles
- usually produced only in shoot tips and young petioles

A

Collenchyma Cells

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34
Q
  • Masses of collenchyma cells often occur in the outer parts of stems and leaf stalks.
  • Collenchyma forms a band about 8 to 12 cells thick.
  • The primary wall is thicker at the corners; No intercellular spaces are present
A

Peperomia Stem

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35
Q

(Simple Permanent Tissue)
- a mass of sclerenchyma cells

A

Sclerenchyma Tissue

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36
Q

(Simple Permanent Tissue)
- has both a 1O wall and a thick 2O wall that is almost always lignified
- Many dead at maturity
- provides elasticity, the ability to be deformed, but snap back to their original size and shape when the pressure or tension is released
- Some are involve in water transport
- develop mainly in mature organs that have stopped growing (non-extending parts) and have achieved their proper size and shape.

A

Sclerenchyma Cells

37
Q

Types of Sclerenchyma Cells

A
  • Mechanical (non-conducting) sclerenchyma
  • Conducting sclerenchyma (thacheary elements)
38
Q
  • More or less isodiametric; often dead at maturity.
  • brittle and inflexible
  • form hard, impenetrable surfaces (shells of
    walnuts and coconuts or the “pits” or “stones” of cherries and peaches)
A

Sclereids (Stone cells)

39
Q
  • Long; many types are dead, other types remain alive and are involved in storage.
  • Flexible; found in areas where strength and elasticity are important (wood of flowering plant, trunk and branches)
  • Resists insects, fungi, pests (bark)
  • Elongates as the internode increases in length
A

Fibers

40
Q
  • Long and narrow with tapered ends; contain no perfora-tions. Dead at maturity. Found in all vascular plants.
  • Water conducting cell
  • Movement of water is
    thru thin areas called “pits” found in the secondary wall
A

Tracheids

41
Q
  • Short and wide with rather perpendicular end walls; most contain one or two perforations. Dead at maturity. Found almost exclusively in flowering plants. Among nonflower-ing plants, only a few ferns, horsetails, and gymnosperms have vessels.
  • forms large hole called a perforation which greatly reduces the friction = water moves much more easily than through pits of tracheids
A

Vessel elements

42
Q

– common source for paper and linen cloth

Philippine fibers like abaca leaves or Manila Hemp and pineapple leaves are hard fibers

A

Flax fibers

43
Q

Parenchyma Cell shape

A

Isodiametric cells which are oval, spherical or polygonal in shape

44
Q

Parenchyma Cell wall

A

Thin cellulosic cell wall

45
Q

Parenchyma Cytoplasm

A

Abundant

46
Q

Parenchyma Nucleus

A

Present (Living tissue)

47
Q

Parenchyma Vacuole

A

Large Vacuole

48
Q

Parenchyma Intercellular Spaces

A

Present

49
Q

Parenchyma Occurrence

A

Basically packing tissue, All soft part of plant, Pith, cortex, medullary rays

50
Q

Parenchyma Functions

A

Food storage, Photosynthesis

51
Q

Collenchyma Cell Shape

A

Circular, oval or polyhedral

52
Q

Collenchyma Cell Wall

A

Uneven thickening on their cell wall.

53
Q

Collenchyma Cytoplasm

A

Present

54
Q

Collenchyma Nucleus

A

Present (Living tissue)

55
Q

Collenchyma Vacuole

A

Vacuolated

56
Q

Collenchyma Intercellular spaces

A

Absent

57
Q

Collenchyma Occurrence

A

Dicot stems, petiole and beneath the epidermis. Absent in monocot and roots

58
Q

Collenchyma Functions

A

Provide tensile strength, Mechanical support, Photosynthesis

59
Q

Sclerenchyma Cell Shape

A

Variable in shape. Fibres and sclereids

60
Q

Sclerenchyma Cell wall

A

Lignified secondary cell wall present

61
Q

Sclerenchyma Cytoplasm, Nucleus, Vacuoles, and Intercellular spaces

A

Absent (Dead Tissue)

62
Q

Sclerenchyma Occurrence

A

Dicot hypodermis, bundle sheath, pericycle, Seed, pulp of fruits.

63
Q

Sclerenchyma functions

A

Protection from stress and strain,
Mechanical strength

64
Q

Guard + stomatal pore =

A

Stomata

65
Q

• Outermost surface of a herbaceous stem, leaf and root.
• Encrusted with cutin (cuticle)

A

Epidermis
(Simple Dermal Parenchyma)

66
Q

Epidermis Uses
(Simple Dermal Parenchyma)

A
  • protection
  • regulate exchange of materials
67
Q

Epidermis contains..

A
  • Guard cells
  • Trichomes
  • Root hairs
68
Q

inhibits the entry of CO2 needed for photosynthesis = plant’s starvation → pairs of guard cells with a hole (stomatal pore) between them to permit gas entry

A

Cutin

69
Q

Open during the daytime

A

Stomatal pores

70
Q

serves as reservoir of water and ions

A

Accessory cells
(Epidermis)

71
Q

longitudinal rows of vacuolated cells

A

Bulliform cells

72
Q

for the elongation of the epidermal cell outward (trichome and root hairs)

A

Epidermal hair

73
Q

Trichomes (Epidermal Outgrowths / Hairs)
functions

A
  • protection from insects and excessive sunlight
  • aids in nutrient uptake
  • spread of seeds
  • Cotton trichomes can be made into threads, which is then woven into cloth
  • Plant trichomes as defense
74
Q

Examples of Trichomes

A

Glandular trichomes
Stinging trichomes
Branching trichome
Bristle trichome
Scale
Stellate

75
Q

Muntingia calabura

A

Aratiles

76
Q

Laportea meyeniana

A

Lipa

77
Q

Verbascumthapsus

A

Velvet dock

78
Q

Mucuna pruriens

A

Lipai

79
Q

Eleagnus philippinensis

A

Lingaro

80
Q

Mallotus philippinensis

A

Mallotus

81
Q

Greatly increase the root’s surface area and efficiency of absorption

A

Epidermal hair on roots

82
Q

• Outer covering woody stems and roots
Cell wall impregnated with suberin
• Produced by the cork cambium (secondary
meristem
• No intercellular spaces

A

Cork or Phellem (simple dermal)

83
Q

brings water and mineral salts from the roots to the rest of the plants.

A

Xylem (Complex tissue, Vascular tissue system)

84
Q

moves sugar and other organicnutrients (food)

A

Phloem (Complex, Vascular tissue system)

85
Q
  • consists of tracheids, vessels,
    xylem parechyma and xylem
    fibres
  • The tracheids and vessels
    help to transport water and minerals from roots to all part of the plant
  • Xylem parenchyma stores water and minerals.
  • Fibres help in support.
A

Xylem

86
Q
  • consists of sieve tubes,
    companion cells, phloem parenchyma and phloem fibres.
  • The sieve tubes and companion cells transport food from leaves to all parts of the plant.
  • Phloem parenchyma stores food.
  • Fibers help in support.
A

Phloem

87
Q
  • alive and active; vertical rows of elongated cells
  • Perforated end walls serve as strainer (sieve plate)
  • Walls are perforated with pits
  • No nucleus
  • Forms continuous connection of cytoplasm from the top to bottom
A

Sieve tube members

88
Q
  • small cells attached to the sieve cells
  • Nucleated
  • supply proteins to sieve tubes
  • Regulate the loading and unloading of carbohydrates from the sieve tubes
A

Companion cells

89
Q

refers to the processes by which distinct cell types arise from precursor cells and become different from each other.

A

Differentiation (in plants)

PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY & TAXONOMY (2 decks)

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