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PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY & TAXONOMY > Plant Root > Flashcards

Plant Root Flashcards

1
Q

Main Functions of Roots

A
  1. Anchoring the plant firmly to a substrate (soil)
  2. Absorption of water and minerals
  3. Production of hormones.
    • shoot growth and development depend on the hormones
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2
Q

Hormones

A

cytokinin and gibberellin

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3
Q

Additional Functions

A

• Carbohydrate storage

• Protection

• Vegetative reproduction

• Parasitic roots

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4
Q

Three types of root system:

A
  1. TapRoot
  2. FibrousRoot
  3. Adventitious
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5
Q

• single prominent root (tap root) that is much larger than all the rest and numerous small roots (lateral roots or branch roots) coming out of it

• Derived from the radicle (embryonic root)

• Anchorage

• Common in dicot and gymnosperm

• perennial and woody plants: roots undergo secondary growth

A

Tap Root

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6
Q

(Taproot)
Nicotiana tabacum

A

Tobacco

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7
Q

(Taproot)
Raphanus sativus

A

Radish

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8
Q

(Taproot)
carrots, beets, radish, turnips

A

Fleshy taproot

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9
Q

(taproot)
sweet potatoes, cassava

A

Swollen lateral roots

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10
Q

taproot is about the carrot same size as the laterals

A

Sunflower

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11
Q

• mass of many similarly sized, delicate and hair-like roots

• no prominent enlarged primary root

• Produced after death of radicle

• Derived from the root primordia found at the end of radicle

• Common in monocots and some dicots

• Absorption

A

Fibrous Root

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12
Q

• Do not arise from pre-existing root
• Present in monocot and dicot

A

Adventitious Root

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13
Q

arise from main trunk stem

A

brace root

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14
Q

arise from the lateral branches of the main stem.

A

prop root

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15
Q

• Secondary growth = ↑ quantity of healthy, functional wood (xylem) in the roots = ↑ no. of leaves and fine absorptive roots

A

Dicot Roots

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16
Q

• No secondary growth = stem of an older plant is not wider than young plant, no ↑ conducting capacity, no more leaves or roots than young plant

• Stolons or rhizomes = ↑ size

• horizontal shoots branch and then produce adventitious roots

A

Monocot Roots

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17
Q

the growing portion protected by root cap; push through the soil

A

Root tip

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18
Q

Thick layer of cells that protects root apical meristem (root tip); constantly being worn away and renewed

A

Root cap

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19
Q

complex polysaccharide secreted by dictyosomes of root cap for lubrication

A

Mucigel (Slime)

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20
Q

• found behind the root cap
and root apical meristem
• few mm long
• where cells undergo division
and expansion

A

Zone of elongation

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21
Q

• single celled extension of
epidermal cells which
increase absorptive area
• no line of demarcation in the
epidermal cells
• transitory(diewithin4-5
days)
• form only in a part of the
root that is not elongating

A

Root hairs

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22
Q

• Cells are meristematic (cell division with transverse walls & forming files of cells that are pushed forward)

• As cells are pushed forward, they develop dense starch grains and their endoplasmic reticulum becomes displaced to the forward end of the cell = detects gravity because the starch grains settle to the lower side of the cell

A

Root Cap

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23
Q

• more orderly than the shoot because it experiences no disruptions

A

Root Apical Meristem

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24
Q

mitotically inactive central region

• cells are more resistant to various types of harmful agents such as radiation and toxic chemicals

• Serves as reserve of healthy cells

A

Quiescent center

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25
Q

• Becomes active when root apical meristem or root cap is damaged and forms new apical meristem

• Once the new meristem is established, its central cells become inactive, forming a

A

Quiescent Center

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26
Q

• the region where the cells expand greatly; some meristematic, but mostly enlarging

A

Zone of Elongation

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27
Q

outermost; forms epidermis
(dermal region)

A

Protoderm

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28
Q

at center; forms primary xylem/ phloem then metaxylem/ metaphloem (Stele/ vascular region)

A

Provascular tissue

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29
Q

between protoderm and provascular tissue; Parenchyma cells that form root cortex

A

ground tissue

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30
Q

• Root hairs grow outward
• zone of elongation merges gradually with the

A

Zone of Maturation

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31
Q

-transfer of minerals from the epidermis to the vascular tissue

A

Cortex

32
Q

diffusion through the walls and intercellular spaces

A

apoplastic transport

33
Q

absorption into the cytoplasm of a cortical cell and then transfer from cell to cell through plasmodesmata

• Minerals do not have free access to the vascular tissues because the innermost layer of cortical cells differentiates into a cylinder called the endodermis

A

symplastic transport

34
Q

• Controls the passage of minerals across the vascular tissues
• Consist of thick-walled cells (encrusted with suberin and lignin); diffusion is inhibited

A

Endodermis

35
Q

• bands of lignin and suberin on the radial walls (top, bottom and side walls) causing the cell walls to be water proof
• Impermeable
• minerals can cross the endodermis only if the endodermal protoplasts absorb them, then secrete them into the vascular tissues

A

Casparian strip

36
Q

Internal anatomy of young dicot root shows three general sections:

A

Dermal region
Cortex
Stele or vascular cylinder

37
Q

epidermis with root hairs

A

Dermal region

38
Q

outer collenchyma
middle parenchyma
inner endodermis

A

Cortex

39
Q

xylem forms a solid mass in the center, surrounded by strands of phloem; no pith
(Vascular)

A

Dicot

40
Q

strands of xylem and phloem are distributed in ground tissue
(Vascular)

A

Monocot

41
Q

inner wide cells

A

Metaxylem

42
Q

outer narrow cells

A

protoxylem

43
Q

Dicot: (Xylem)
Two to four or more groups of protoxylem may be present (larger roots = ↑ no.)

A

Triarch
Tetrarch
Pentarch

44
Q

In monocot: (xylem)
many xylem poles

A

Polyarch

45
Q

In monocot: (xylem)
strands of xylem and phloem surrounding a parenchymatous pith

A

Siphonostele

46
Q

Vascular Tissue – most dicots
(Phloem)
found on the outer side

A

Protophloem

47
Q

Vascular Tissue – most dicots
(Phloem)
found on the inner side

A

Metaphloem

48
Q

• Found between the vascular tissue and the endodermis
• parenchyma cells that constitute an irregular region
• Where growth of lateral roots are initiated

A

Pericycle

49
Q

• Initiated by cell divisions in the pericycle
• Localized cells remains mitotically active creating a small root primordium that become a root apical meristem and pushes outward
• As it pushes outward, the new lateral root destroys the cells of the cortex and epidermis that lie in its path, ultimately breaking the endodermis.
• Then, formation of a root cap, first protoxylem and protophloem elements connected to the vascular tissues of the parent root.

A

Origin Development of Lateral Roots

50
Q

Old dicot root shows two distinct regions:

A
  1. Regionofsecondaryvascular tissues which include the
  2. Region of periderm layers
51
Q

• provide long-term storage for carbohydrates that accumulate during summer photosynthesis

A

Storage Roots
(Specialized roots)

52
Q

carrots, ube, radish, turnips

A

fleshy taproots

53
Q

• Adventitious roots from stems
• Pandanus (screwpine), Ficus (Banyan trees)

A

Prop roots
(specialized roots)

54
Q

Pandanus

A

screwpine

55
Q

Ficus

A

Banyan trees

56
Q

in corn plant – for additional support and absorption

A

Brace roots (specialized root)

57
Q

Velamen in aerial roots of orchids

A

Water retention

58
Q

dead cells, white; acts as waterproof barrier

A

Velamen

59
Q

Chlorophyllous roots

A

Photosynthesis

60
Q

Contractile roots of bulbs like onions, gladiolus, garlic

A

Movement

61
Q

due to change in shape of cortical cells

A

Contraction

62
Q

for absorption

A

Parasitic (haustorial roots)

63
Q

diffuse root system i.e Tristerix

A

Haustorium

64
Q

tall, plate-like, expanded roots for great support

A

Buttresses

65
Q

breathing roots of mangrove for aeration

A

Pneumatophores

66
Q

nitrogen fixation, formed by mitosis of cortical cells

A

Root nodules

67
Q

bacteria, fill host cells with bacteroids w/c convert N2 to nitrogenous compds

A

Rhizobium

68
Q

Other types and root modifications

A

Protection
Spiny roots of tugue

69
Q

• Birds deposit seeds on the branch of a host tree
• When the seed germinates, the roots cling to the bark of the host tree, grow, hugging the host tree until it reach the soil.

A

Strangler Figs

70
Q

association between a soil fungus (fungal hyphae) and roots

A

Mycorrhizae

71
Q

hyphae penetrate between the outermost root cortex cells but never invade the cells

A

ectomycorrhizal relationship

72
Q

hyphae penetrate the root cortex as far as the endodermis; but cannot pass the Casparian strip

A

endomycorrhizal

73
Q

small structure formed by fungi; filled with P

A

Arbuscule

74
Q

Fleshy taproots (i.e. carrots, beets, radishes)

A

Carbohydrate storage

75
Q

in Crysophila and Mauritia, roots grow out of the trunk and harden into sharp spines

A

protection

76
Q

roots spread horizontally and produce shoot buds (i.e. willows, sorrel)

A

Vegetative reproduction

77
Q

modified roots attack other plants and draw water and nutrients out of them (i.e. mistletoe, dodder)

A

Parasitic roots

PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY & TAXONOMY (2 decks)

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