Plant Tissue

Question 1

Two types of cell tissues in plants

Answer 1

-Meristematic -Non-meristematic

Question 2

Features of Meristematic tissues

Answer 2

• Actively divide
• Six-sided, box-like, similar in shape and size
• With tiny or no vacuole (bcuz they don’t need it as they keep on dividing actively/ the organelle is not needed/ no need to store food or water)

Question 3

Groups of Meristematic tissues

Answer 3

(a) Apical meristems (root/shoot)
(b) Lateral meristems
(c) Intercalary meristems

Question 4

—————— Found in tip of roots and shoots, responsible for increase in length as they form new cells (primary growth)

Answer 4

Apical meristem

Question 5

Primary meristems = ———- + ———–

Answer 5

apical meristems + meristems in buds and embryo leaves.

only primary growth meaning no lignin in the cell wall

Question 6

Apical meristem is divided to (1)——— (2)——- (3) ———

Answer 6

(1) protoderm (2) ground meristems (3) procambium

Question 7

————– Increase the girth (width) of roots and stems and give the secondary growth

Answer 7

Lateral meristems

Question 8

Lateral meristems made of

Answer 8

(1) Vascular cambium
(2) Cork cambium

Question 9

——————- it present a long the length of
roots and stems of perennial plants and many
herbaceous annuals. and gives xylem and phloem

Answer 9

Vascular cambium

Question 10

—————— thin cylinder that runs along the root
and stem of woody plants outside the vascular
bundles and produces the bark.

Answer 10

Cork cambium
give cork cells

Question 11

—————- it present in nodes (leaf
attachment areas), develop at intervals along the stem
and so add to stem length

Answer 11

Intercalary meristems

Question 12

Grasses and most annuals have neither a ——– cambium nor a ——– cambium but still have —– and ——— meristems

Answer 12

vascular cambium nor a cork cambium
apical and intercalary meristems

Question 13

Non-meristematic tissues can be:

Answer 13

(1) simple (one kind of cells)
(2) Complex (2 or more cells)

Question 14

simple Non-meristematic tissues are divided into three types

Answer 14

Parenchyma
Collenchyma
Sclerenchyma

Question 15

Features of Parenchyma

Answer 15

-The most abundant in plants, have thin and flexible primary wall

-spherical but could flattened at the point of contact with adjacent cells forming relatively large intercellular spaces.

-have large central vacuole which may contain starch, oil, tannins and crystals.

-The least specialized, carry out most of plant metabolism, can divide to repair damage and may live for long time up to 100 years as in cactus.

-synthesize & store various organic products (fleshy fruit, stem, root, petiole)

Question 16

Types of parenchyma:

Answer 16

-Aerenchyma: in aquatic plant has extensive
intercellular spaces
-Chlorenchyma: leaf parenchyma
(photosynthesis)
-Transfer parenchyma; produce cells with
extensive extensions to transfer dissolved
substances (nectaries and carnivore plants).

Question 17

—————– in aquatic plant has extensive
intercellular spaces

Answer 17

Aerenchyma

Question 18

————— leaf parenchyma
(photosynthesis)

Answer 18

chlorenchyma

Question 19

————- produce cells with
extensive extensions to transfer dissolved
substances (nectaries and carnivore plants).

Answer 19

Transfer parenchyma

Question 20

Features of Collenchyma

Answer 20

• Have living cytoplasm and can live for long time
• Thicker uneven walls, strong but still pliable.
• No secondary walls (not lignified).
• Often beneath the epidermis
• Give flexible support for both growing organs and
  mature organs (leaves and floral parts).
• Like parenchyma, the are capable to resume
  meristematic activity as in the formation of cork
  cambium and response to wounding

Question 21

Features of Sclerenchyma

Answer 21

• Thick, tough secondary walls (lignin)
• They are non-living at maturity
• Support other plant tissues and organs
• Two Kinds:
  (1) Sclereids (stone cells), as long as they are wide
  and irregular in shapes (found in seed coat, nut shell
  and gritty texture of fruits (pear and apple)
  (2) Fibers: much longer than they are wide, slender
  and tapered cells, have a tiny cavity (lumen) in the
  center of the cells.
• Commercial use (since 10,000 years ago) from more
  than 40 different families to produce textile goods,
  ropes, string, canvas

Question 22

Complex tissues include:

Answer 22

• xylem
• phloem
• epidermis
  -periderm

Question 23

Some complex tissues are produced by ——————- but others by ———————-

Answer 23

apical meristems, vascular cambium (so called vascular tissues).

Question 24

———– conduct water and dissolved substances throughout all organs.

Answer 24

xylem

Question 25

Characteristics of Xylem:

Answer 25

- conduct water and dissolved substances throughout all organs. - Consists of parenchyma cells, fibers, vessels, tracheids, and ray cells. - In certain non-flowering plants the xylem is entirely tracheids.

Question 26

The Xylem consist of: (5)

Answer 26

parenchyma cells, fibers, vessels, tracheids and ray cells.

Question 27

------------- long tube made of vessel elements (each one represents a cell) that are open at each end. The cells are joined end to end forming a tube.

Answer 27

Vessels

Question 28

------------ long tubes tapered at each end. The ends overlapping with other --------- . Most have spiral thickening

Answer 28

Tracheids

Question 29

Booth vessels and tracheids are ------ at maturity and have ---------.

Answer 29

dead secondary walls.

Question 30

---- allow water to pass as they are without secondary walls

Answer 30

Pits

Question 31

------ are always in pairs and could be 1-2 up to several thousands per cell

Answer 31

Pits

Question 32

---- could be swelling out like doughnut (bordered --- ) or not (simple ---).

Answer 32

Pits

Question 33

-------- function in lateral conduction of water and food storage. They are long-lived parenchyma cells that are produced in horizontal rows by special ray initials of the vascular cambium

Answer 33

Rays

Question 34

------- Conducts dissolved food materials throughout plant organs.

Answer 34

Phloem

Question 35

Characteristics of Phloem:

Answer 35

-Conducts dissolved food materials throughout plant organs. - Derived from parent cells of cambium - its composed of sieve tubes (made up of cells called sieve tube members), companion cells, parenchyma, ray cells and fibers. - Sieve tube members relatively larger and wider than companion cells and laid end to end. - Unlike xylem vessels, sieve tube members have no large openings, instead, the end walls have small pores called sieve plate - Despite its cytoplasm is very active in food conduction, sieve tube members have no nuclei at maturity. Which means that the companion cell may contribute. - Callose (1-3 glucan) aids in plugging injured sieve tubes (i.e. by aphids). - In ferns and conifers, sieve cells, which have overlapping end walls and adjacent albuminous cells take the place of sieve tube members and companion cells

Question 36

Phloem is composed of (5)

Answer 36

sieve tubes (made up of cells called sieve tube members), companion cells, parenchyma, ray cells and fibers.

Question 37

--------- The outermost layer of cells of all young plant organs.

Answer 37

Epidermis

Question 38

The epidermis may include:

Answer 38

(1) guard cells that border pores called stomata (guard cells have chloroplasts) (2) root hairs, which are tubular extensions of single cells; other hairs that consist of one to several cells. (3) glands that secrete protective substances. (4) Or modified as hairs that either reduce water loss (desert plants) or repel insects and animals.

Question 39

In ----------- the epidermis is sloughed out and replaced by -------- after the cork cambium starts producing new tissues (girth)

Answer 39

woody plants, periderm

Question 40

Periderm consists of: (2)

Answer 40

cork cells and loosely arranged groups of cells comprising lenticels involved in gas exchange.

Question 41

Cork cells are dead at maturity, while the cytoplasm is still functioning, it secretes a fatty substance called ------- into the walls

Answer 41

Suberin

Question 42

Cork oak used commercially to produce --------- and -------

Answer 42

bottle corks and gaskets

Question 43

------------------ May function individually or as part of a secretory tissues.

Answer 43

Secretory cells and tissues

Question 44

Secretory tissues occur in various places in plants; they secrete substances such as:

Answer 44

-nectar (flowers) -oils (citrus, mint, etc.) -mucilage (glandular hairs of insect–trapping plants) -latex and resins (Coniferous plants)

Question 45

----------- a thick fluid that is white, yellow, orange or red in color and consists of gums, proteins, sugars, oils, salts, alkaloids, enzymes and others, some of them are commercially produced e.g. rubber

Answer 45

Latex

Question 46

Epidermis is usually one cell thick, but epidermis with several cells thick is found in some plant roots (e.g. orchids) which produce -----------, --------- of some tropical figs and ---------- of pepper family. This aids in ------------------- .

Answer 46

velamen roots, leaves of some tropical figs and members of pepper family. This aids in preventing desiccation.

Question 47

Epidermis Secretes ------ which form the cuticle, with wax (secreted also by epidermis). Resistant to ------ and prevent ------------.

Answer 47

cutin Resistant to pathogens and prevent desiccation.

Question 48

Cutin consists of -------------- and their derivatives which are interlinked via ---------, forming a polyester polymer of indeterminate size

Answer 48

hydroxy-fatty acids ester bonds