Plant Systems

Question 1

Multicellular organisms are organized in a structural hierarchy

Answer 1

Specialized cells —> tissues —> organs —> organ systems —> organism

Question 2

Specialized cells

Answer 2

Each cell type has a different structure and function

Question 3

Tissues

Answer 3

Are composed of groups of cells of similar structure that perform a particular, related function

Question 4

Organs

Answer 4

Definite form and structure, comprised of two or more tissues

Question 5

Organ systems

Answer 5

An association of organs with a common function

Question 6

Organism

Answer 6

A complex, functioning whole that is comprised of all its component parts

Question 7

Photosynthesis

Answer 7

The process of plants capturing light energy from the sun, and converting that as well as water and carbon dioxide into chemical energy stored in sugar and other organic molecules
Occurs in chloroplasts

Question 8

Photosynthesis formula

Answer 8

6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy —> C6H12O6 + 6O2

Question 9

Organ systems

Answer 9

1. Root system
2. Shoot system

Question 10

Root system

Answer 10

Absorbs water and minerals from below ground
Roots — anchor the plant in the soil, absorb minerals and water, store carbohydrates

Question 11

Shoot system

Answer 11

Absorbs CO2 and light from above the ground
Stems — support the leaves and reproductive structures
Leaves — main photosynthetic organ of the plant

Question 12

Plant tissues

Answer 12

3 types: dermal, vascular and ground

Question 13

Dermal tissue

Answer 13

Plants outer protective covering

Question 14

Vascular tissue

Answer 14

Carries out long distance transport of materials between the root and shoot systems

Question 15

Ground tissue

Answer 15

Includes cells specialized for storage, photosynthesis and support

Question 16

Cuticle

Answer 16

Dermal tissue
Waxy substance that coats the epidermal cells
Helps prevent water loss

Question 17

Upper/Lower Epidermis

Answer 17

Dermal tissue
One cell thick layer of tightly packed transparent cells on the upper/lower side of the leaf
Protects the leaf against physical damage and pathogens

Question 18

Stomata (stoma singular)

Answer 18

Dermal tissue
Small openings in the epidermal layer that can open and close to allow gases in and out of the leaf

Question 19

Guard cells

Answer 19

Dermal tissue
Cells in the upper/lower epidermis that flank a stomata pore, and control its diameter by changing shape

Question 20

Palisade Cells

Answer 20

One or more layers of tightly packed long and narrow cells with many chloroplasts
Site of most of the leafs photosynthesis
Ground tissue

Question 21

Spongy tissue cells

Answer 21

Ground tissue
Layers of round loosely packed cells containing chloroplasts
Located just below the palisade tissue cells
Carry out photosynthesis
Air spaces between the cells allows for gas exchange

Question 22

Vascular bundle

Answer 22

Vascular tissue
A series of tubes that are visible as leaf veins
Contain xylem and phloem

Question 23

Xylem

Answer 23

Vascular tissue
Dead tubular elongated cells with no end walls
Transport water and dissolved minerals up from the roots to the leaves
Made up of two types of cells: tracheids and vessel elements

Question 24

Phloem

Answer 24

Vascular tissue
Long narrow cells that are alive
Transport sugars produced by the leaves to various parts of the plant where they are needed
Made up of sieve tube elements and companion cells

Question 25

Water and mineral transport steps

Answer 25

Roots —> xylem —> stem —> leaves
#1. Roots and xylem: water through osmosis and minerals through facilitated diffusion or active transport
#2. Leaves: xylem sap is transported against gravity through bulk transport (root pressure, cohesion and adhesion and transpiration pull)

Question 26

Root pressure

Answer 26

Created by the accumulation of water and minerals in the root xylem
Pushes the xylem sap up the stem towards the leaves
Minor contributor to moving xylem sap

Question 27

Transpiration pull

Answer 27

Water is pulled up the xylem tissue to replace the water that is lost through transpiration in the leaves

Question 28

Cohesion and adhesion

Answer 28

Due to the properties of water
Cohesion - the tendency of water molecules to stick to other water molecules due to hydrogen bonding — pulls a column of water molecules up to the leaves
Adhesion - the tendency of water molecules to stick or adhere to certain hydrophilic surfaces due to hydrogen bonding — resists the force of gravity, preventing xylem sap from falling back to the roots

Question 29

Sieve tubes

Answer 29

Transport sugars

Question 30

Companion cells

Answer 30

Transport sugar to sieve tube and perform metabolic functions for phloem

Question 31

Sugar transport steps