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Life of Earth 2 > Plant structure > Flashcards

Plant structure Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 features unique to plant cells?

A

Chloroplasts
Cell wall
Central vacuole
Plasmodesmata

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2
Q

What are the 6 plastids?

A 
Chloroplast 
Chromoplast (coloured compounds)
Amyloplast (starch)
Elaioplast (fat)
Proteinoplast (protein)
Gerontoplast (senescence)
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3
Q

What is the purpose of the cell wall?

A

Maintains cell shape

Provides structural support that permits plant to withstand gravity

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4
Q

What does the cell wall consist of?

A

Cellulose microfibrils embedded in a matrix of polysaccharides & proteins

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5
Q

What do developing plant cells secrete?

A

A primary cell wall = thin, flexible cell wall which thickens & strengthens w/ development

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6
Q

What is between the primary cell walls of adjacent cells?

A

The middle lamella
- made of pectins
( = polysaccharides that hold cells together & strength them)

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7
Q

What do some cells secrete in addition to a primary cell wall?

A

A secondary cell wall

- between plasma membrane & primary cell wall for further strengthening

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8
Q

What are plasmodesmata?

A

Perforations of the cell wall that provide channels for inter-cellular communication

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9
Q

What are the 5 major plant cell types?

A 
Parenchyma
Collenchyma
Sclerenchyma
Water-conducting cells of xylem
Sugar-conducting cells of phloem
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10
Q

What are the features of Parenchyma cells?

A 
> thin & flexible primary cell walls
> NO secondary cell walls
> least specialised
> retain ability to divide & differentiate 
> alive at maturity
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11
Q

What are the features of Collenchyma cells?

A

> thicker & more uneven cell walls than parenchyma
NO secondary cell walls
grouped in strands
alive at maturity

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12
Q

What are the features of Sclerenchyma cells?

A

> rigid due to this secondary walls strengthened by lignin
impermeable to water
dead at functional maturity

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13
Q

Why do Sclerenchyma cells die at maturity?

A

Cell walls are so thick that the cell is completely cut off from extracellular environment & dies

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14
Q

What are the 2 types of Sclerenchyma cells?

A

Sclereids:
= short & irregular in shape & have thick lignified secondary walls
Fibres:
= long, slender & arranged in threads

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15
Q

What are the functions of Sclerenchyma cells?

A

Support

Non-conducting

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16
Q

What are the functions of Collenchyma cells?

A

Support young parts of shoot

Provide flexible support w/out restricting growth

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17
Q

What are the functions of Parenchyma cells?

A

> perform most metabolic functions:

  • photosynthetic leaf cells
  • storage cells
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18
Q

What are the 2 types of water-conducting cells?

A

Tracheids
- found in xylem of ALL vascular plants
Vessel elements
- common to most angiosperms & a few gymnosperms
- align to form long micro pipes = vessels

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19
Q

What are the features of water conducting cells?

A

> Dead at maturity
- through programmed cell death
Type of conducting sclerenchyma
Lignin makes it impermeable to water

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20
Q

What is the main function of water-conducting cells?

A

Transport water & mineral ions

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21
Q

What is between vessel elements?

A

Perforation plates

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22
Q

What are pits and what is their function?

A

Thinner primary cell walls

Enable lateral transport of water between adjacent xylem cells

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23
Q

What are the 3 sugar-conducting cells of the phloem?

A

> Sieve-tube elements
Sieve plates
Companion cell

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24
Q

What are the features of sieve-tube elements?

A

Alive at maturity
Lack organelles
Chains of these make up phloem

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25
Q

What are sieve plates?

A

Porous end walls that allow fluid to flow between cells along sieve tube

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26
Q

What are companion cells?

A

Each sieve-tube element has 1

Their nucleus & ribosomes serve both themselves & the sieve-tube element

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27
Q

What is the function of the sugar-conducting cells?

A

Conduct soluble organic material made during photosynthesis to all parts of plant

28
Q

What are the 3 tissues each plant organ has?

A

Dermal
Vascular
Ground

29
Q

How does vascular tissue differ in roots and stems?

A

Central in roots

Peripheral in stems

30
Q

How can dermal tissue differ?

A 
Epidermis = single cell layer in leaves protected y waxy cuticle 
Periderm = thick layer in woody plants
31
Q

What is the function of dermal tissue?

A

1st line of defence against pathogen attack or physical damage

32
Q

What are the 2 types of ground tissue?

A 
Pith = internal
Cortex = external to vascular tissue
33
Q

Where are the apical meristems on a plant?

A

Apical bud

Axillary bud

34
Q

What can the axillary buds grow into?

A

Lateral vegetative or reproductive shoots

35
Q

What are the functions of roots?

A

> Anchoring the plant
Absorbing minerals & water
Storage

36
Q

What is the structure of roots?

A 
>No chlorophyll, leaves or buds
>Grow apically 
>Lateral roots grow from pericycle 
(stem branches arise superficially)
>Taproot system w/ lateral roots or fibrous root system
37
Q

What does the root cap do?

A

> Protects the apical meristem

>Produces a polysaccharide slime that lubricates root movement

38
Q

What are the 3 zones of root growth?

A

Zone of cell division
Zone of elongation
Zone of differentiation

39
Q

What is the zone of cell division made up of?

A

Root apical meristem & its derivatives

Stem cells

40
Q

What happens in the zone of cell division?

A

New root cells are produced

- including cells of the root cap

41
Q

What happens in the zone of elongation?

A

Most of the growth occurs as the cells elongate

–> pushes the root tip further into the soil

42
Q

What happens in the zone of differentiation?

A

Cells at the older end start to mature & differentiate even while they’re still undergoing elongation

43
Q

What’s the difference between monocots & dicots?

A 
Mono = embryo w/ 1 cotyledon
Di = embryo w/ 2 cotyledons
44
Q

What is the steele?

A

The central vascular cylinder of xylem & phloem

45
Q

How are the xylem vessels arranged in dicots?

What about monocots?

A

In a star

Ring of xylem & ring of phloem

46
Q

Which cell type fill the cortex in roots?

A

Parenchyma cells

47
Q

From what do lateral roots arise?

A

The pericycle that surrounds the vascular cylinder

48
Q

What do storage roots store?

A

Photosynthate (mostly starch) for use in later growth

Modified root

49
Q

How do pneumatophores in mangroves at like snorkels?

A

Get oxygen to roots growing in mud w/ little O2

Modified root

50
Q

What are the functions of stems?

A

> Support structure for leaves & flowers
Contains vascular tissue for transport
Stores sugar & other nutrients in winter

51
Q

What is the structure of stems?

A

Alternating system of nodes (points where leaves attach) & internodes (stem segments between nodes)

52
Q

What are the 2 types of growth?

A

Primary & secondary

53
Q

What is primary growth?

A

When apical meristems in the apical & axillary buds divide

  • -> produces more cells
  • -> plant elongates
54
Q

What is secondary growth?

A

When lateral meristems located in the vascular & cork cambium produce layers of vascular tissues & tougher periderm
–> increases girth

55
Q

How are vascular bundles arranged in dicot stems?

A

In a ring w/ xylem adjacent to pith & phloem adjacent to cortex

56
Q

How are vascular bundles arranged in monocot stems?

A

Distributed throughout ground tissue rather than forming a ring

57
Q

What is a bulb?

A

A short stem w/ fleshy leaves

Modified stem

58
Q

What is a cladophyll?

A

A flattened photosynthetic branch assuming the form of an ordinary leaf

Modified stem

59
Q

What is a pseudobulb?

A

A storage organ derived from the part of a stem between 2 leaf nodes

Modified stem

60
Q

What is a corm?

A

Swollen underground plant stem that serves as a storage organ to survive adverse conditions

Modified stem

61
Q

What is a rhizome?

A

A creeping stem that can produce roots

e.g. ginger
Modified stem

62
Q

What is a tuber?

A

An underground stem that thickens to produce a storage organ

e.g. potato
Modified stem

63
Q

What is the vascular cambium?

A

A continuous cylinder of meristematic cells located outside the pith & primary xylem, but inside the cortex & phloem

64
Q

How does the vascular cambium cause stems to thicken?

A

Cell division in this area adds secondary xylem internally & secondary phloem externally

65
Q

What happens as the vascular cambium’s diameter increases?

A
  1. The secondary phloem & other external tissues no longer divide
    - -> so rupture
  2. A secondary lateral meristem (cork cambium) develops from parenchyma cells in the cortex
  3. Cork cambium produces cork cells
    - -> replace epidermis
66
Q

What does bark consist of?

A

All tissues exterior to vascular cambium

67
Q

When are the rings in tree trunks wider?

What can the widths enable?

A

In good summers w/ warm weather

The climate during a year can be estimated

Life of Earth 2 (20 decks)

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