Plant Structure Flashcards
Names
Cell Wall
The outer layer surrounding the cell membrane, providing structural support and protection, helps maintain the cell’s shape.
Cell Membrane
A semi-permeable membrane located just inside the cell wall that controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell.
It regulates the exchange of nutrients, ions, and waste materials.
Cyptoplasm
A gel-like substance inside the cell membrane that contains water, salts, and organic molecules.
Function: It provides a medium for cellular processes to occur and houses the organelles.
Nucleus
The control center of the cell that contains DNA (genetic material).
Function: It regulates cell growth, metabolism, and reproduction.
The nucleolus inside the nucleus is responsible for producing ribosomes.
Choloroplasts
Unique to Plant Cells: These organelles contain chlorophyll, a green pigment crucial for photosynthesis, the process by which plants convert sunlight into chemical energy (glucose).
Function: They capture sunlight and convert it into energy through photosynthesis.
Vacuole
A large, central vacuole is typical in plant cells. It is filled with a watery fluid called cell sap, which contains nutrients, enzymes, and waste products.
Function: It helps maintain cell turgor pressure, stores nutrients, and degrades waste products.
Mitochondria
Known as the “powerhouses” of the cell, mitochondria are responsible for cellular respiration, where they convert glucose and oxygen into energy (ATP).
Function: Provide energy for various cellular activities.
What are the different types of seed dispersals
Wind dispersal, Animal dispersal, Explosion dispersal, Fur dispersal, Water dispersal
What does wind dispersal do?
The wind blows the seed away and blows it far away from the parent plant.
What does animal dispersal do?
Animals take the seed from the anther and plant it at a different plant which is still the same species and plant it into the stigma.
They can also eat the seeds and then poop it out and the seed will grow from there.
What is the stigma
The stigma is the part of a flower that captures pollen during fertilization. It’s sticky to help pollen grains attach and begin the process of plant reproduction.
Stamen
The stamen is the male part of a flower that produces pollen. It consists of the anther, where pollen is made, and the filament, which holds up the anther.
Pistil
The female part of the flower receives pollen and develops seeds.
List and briefly describe four main characteristics that all living organisms share.
Excretion: Removal of waste products from metabolism.
Nutrition: Process of taking in and using nutrients for energy, growth, and repair.
Respiration: The process of breaking down glucose to release energy.
Sensitivity: Ability to detect and respond to changes in the environment.
Arrange the levels of biological classification from the most general to the most specific.
The correct order is Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.
Describe the difference between asexual and sexual reproduction, and give an example of each.
Asexual reproduction involves one parent and produces offspring identical to the parent, such as in hydra through budding.
Sexual reproduction requires two parents, and the offspring have genetic variation, such as in peacocks.
What is the function of the palisade mesophyll in a leaf?
The palisade mesophyll contains chloroplasts and is the main site for photosynthesis in the leaf, allowing the plant to produce energy.
Explain how photosynthesis and respiration are complementary processes.
Photosynthesis in plants converts carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen using sunlight. Respiration then uses oxygen to break down glucose into energy, producing carbon dioxide and water as byproducts, which plants can use again in photosynthesis.
Identify the main reproductive parts of a flower and their functions.
Stamen (male part): Produces pollen.
Pistil (female part): Contains the ovary where seeds are formed after fertilization.
Petal: Attracts pollinators.
Sepal: Protects the flower bud.
Name three organelles found in both plant and animal cells, and describe their functions.
Nucleus: Controls cell activities and contains genetic material.
Mitochondria: Produces energy through respiration.
Cell membrane: Regulates the entry and exit of substances in the cell.
Xylem
Transports water and stores nutrients
Anther
The anther is part of the stamen (male part of the flower) that produces and releases pollen for fertilization.
How does wind pollination work?
In wind pollination, pollen is released into the air by one plant and carried by the wind to another. If the pollen lands on a compatible flower’s stigma, it can fertilize and lead to seed production.
What is pollination
Pollination transfers pollen from the male part of a flower (anther) to the female part (stigma) to enable fertilization and produce seeds.
What does the style do
The style is the tube-like part of the pistil that connects the stigma to the ovary, allowing pollen to travel down to the ovary for fertilization.
Define Ovary
The ovary is the part of the flower’s pistil that contains ovules. After fertilization, it develops into fruit with seeds.
Define Ovules
Female reproductive cell
What does a plant cell have that animal cells don’t
Cell wall and chloroplast
What does spongy mesophyll do
The spongy mesophyll diffuses the carbon dioxide throughout the leaf.
Define Stomata
Stomata are tiny openings in a leaf that allow gases, like carbon dioxide and oxygen, to enter and exit, and control water loss through transpiration.
Define Lower epidermis
The lower epidermis in a leaf protects inner tissues and contains stomata, which regulate gas exchange and water loss.
Define Upper epidermis
The upper epidermis in a leaf protects inner tissues and allows light to pass through for photosynthesis.
What the wax cubicles function in a leaf
The waxy cuticle on a leaf reduces water loss by preventing evaporation and provides a protective layer against pests and environmental factors.
Phloem
It transports carbon dioxide from the leaves to the basal parts of the plant.
