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Bio 4: Biodiversity and Natural Resources > Plant Stems > Flashcards

Plant Stems Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 types of plant vessel?

A
  • Phloem
  • Xylem
  • Schlyrenchma fibres
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2
Q

What is the function of the xylem?

A
  • Transports mineral ions and water up the plant

- Structural support

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3
Q

What do xylem vessels look like?

A

Very long tube like structures formed from dead cells joined end to end

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4
Q

How are xylem vessels found together?

A

Bundles

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5
Q

What are the proportions of xylem vessels like?

A

Cells are longer than they are wide

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6
Q

What is the lumen of xylem vessels like?

A

Hollow with no cytoplasm

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7
Q

What are the walls of the xylem vessels like?

A

No end walls

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8
Q

What allows the water and mineral ions to pass up xylem vessels?

A

It is an uninterrupted tube

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9
Q

How do xylem vessels support the plant?

A

They are thickened with a woody substance – lignin

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10
Q

How do water and mineral ions move in and out of xylem vessels?

A

Through pits in the walls where there is no lignin

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11
Q

What is the function of the sclerencyhma fibres?

A
  • Structural support

- NOT transport

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12
Q

How are the sclerencyhma fibres similar to the xylem vessels? 3

A
  • Longer than they are wide
  • Hollow lumen
  • Thickened with lignin
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13
Q

How are sclerencyhma fibres different to xylem vessels?

A
  • More cellulose
  • Have end walls
  • Don’t contain pits
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14
Q

What is the function of the phloem tissue?

A

Transport soluble organic solutes e.g glucose from where they are made to where they are needed – translocation

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15
Q

How is the phloem tissue similar to the xylem tissue?

A

Formed from cells arranged in tubes

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16
Q

How is the phloem different to the xylem tissue?

A

Used only as a transport tissue, not support

17
Q

What 2 types of cell does phloem contain?

A
  • Sieve tubes elements

- Companion cells

18
Q

What are sieve tube elements?

A
  • Living cells joined end to end to create sieve tubes

- Their end walls have many holes in them to allow water through

19
Q

What are sieve tube element cells like?

A
  • Very thin layer of cytoplasm
  • Few organelles
  • No nucleus
20
Q

How are the cytoplasm of sieve tube element cells connected?

A

Through holes in the sieve plates

21
Q

Why can’t sieve tube elements survive on their own?

A

Lacks nucleus and other organelles needed for cell function

22
Q

What is the function of the companion cells?

A

To carry out living processes for both itself and the sieve tube element cells

23
Q

Give an example of a function of the companion cell

A

To provide energy for the active transport of solutes

24
Q

Where are xylem vessels and phloem tissue found in the stem?

A

Grouped together to form vascular bundles

25
Q

Where is the sclerencyhma tissue found in the stem?

A

On the outside of vascular bundles

26
Q

What is the function of starch?

A
  • Stores excess glucose in a plant

- When the plant needs more glucose it breaks down starch

27
Q

What is cellulose made up of?

A

Long unbranched chains of beta glucose joined by 1-4 glycosidic bonds

28
Q

How is cellulose different to starch?

A

Glycosidic bonds are straight so the cellulose chains are straight

29
Q

How are cellulose chains linked together?

A

Large numbers of hydrogen bonds form strong threads called microfibrils

30
Q

What do the strong threads in cellulose mean?

A

Cellulose can provide structural support for cells

31
Q

What feature of the cell wall gives plant fibres strength?

A

Made up of cellulose microfibrils in a net like arrangement

32
Q

What is the function of cellulose?

A

Forms cell walls in plants

33
Q

What else other than cellulose makes plant fibres strong?

A

Secondary thickening of cell walls

34
Q

What happens in the secondary thickening of cell walls?

A
  • When structural plant cells e.g xylem and schlerenchyma have finished growing
  • They provide a secondary cell wall between the normal cell wall and the cell membrane
  • Secondary cell wall is thickened with more of a woody substance called lignin

Bio 4: Biodiversity and Natural Resources (8 decks)

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