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RUSVM Toxicology Summer 2019 > Plant S#!t > Flashcards

Plant S#!t Flashcards

1
Q

What are the acids in plants?

A
  • Insoluble calcium oxalates
  • Soluble oxalates
  • Isocupressic acid
  • Quinones
  • Tannic acid
  • Triterpene acids
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2
Q

Dumbcane has what toxin?

A

Insoluble Ca oxalates

Other plants:

  • Flamingo plant
  • Caladium
  • Cutleaf philodendron
  • Peace lily, Calla lily
  • Arrowhead vine
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3
Q

What is the MOA of insoluble calcium oxalate?

A

All parts of plant are toxic

Cells have needle shaped calcium oxalate crystals that penetrate barriers

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4
Q

Dog comes into clinic with irritation of lips, mouth, throat and vomiting.

This is most associated with what toxic principle?

A

Insoluble calcium oxalate

Eg. Dumcane

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5
Q

Halogenton and Greasewood are associated with what toxic principle?

A

Soluble oxalates

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6
Q

What is the MOA of soluble oxalates ?

A

Oxalates bind Ca → hypocalcemia, precipitation of insoluble oxalates in soft tissue, and kidney damage

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7
Q

Pig weed is associated with what toxic principles?

A
  • Soluble oxalate → kidney damage

- Nitrate → methemoglobinemia, abortion

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8
Q

Ponderosa Pine and Monterey Cypress have what toxic plant principle?

A

Isocupressic acid

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9
Q

What is the MOA of isocupressic acid?

A

Vasoconstriction and decreased uterine blood flow

→ fetal release of cortisol and abortion

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10
Q

What toxic principle is found in St. John’s Wort?

A

Quinone

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11
Q

What is the MOA of a quinone?

A

Primary photosensitization

→ plant contains photodynamic substance (phylloethyrin, a chlorophyl metabolite)

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12
Q

Sheeps have been grazing on some yellow flowers in a field. They now have erythema, pruitus, edema, and necrosis on lightly pigmented areas.

What has happened to these poor sheep?

A

Photosensitization from St. John’s wort

- Contains Quninone

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13
Q

Your cattle has been grazing in a field with red maple, oak, and pine trees.

The cow is constipated, has brown urine, anorexia, depression, and rumen atony.
Which of these plants is most likely causing the clinical signs?

A

Oak tree

- Tannic acid → tissue damage with GI lesions (hemorrhagic gastritis) and kidney damage

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14
Q

What is the MOA of tannic acid?

A

Astringent effect → precipitate proteins → GI and kidney damage

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15
Q

T/F: You are more likely to see kidney damage in ruminants rather than monogastrics after ingestion of oak.

A

TRUE

Monogastrics have mainly GI signs → colic, depression, hemorrhagic diarrhea

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16
Q

What plant contains triterpne acids?

A

Lantana, yellow sage

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17
Q

What is the MOA of Lantana, yellow sage toxicity?

A
  • Liver damage and hepatogenic photosensitization (decreased excretion of phylloerythrin)
  • Hepatic encephalopathy
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18
Q

Clinical signs of Lantana toxicosis?

A

Hepatic encephalopathy → depression, anorexia, conspirator, diarrhea

Hepatic photosensitization → photophobia, erythema of skin, swelling, necrosis and sloughing

Icterus

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19
Q

What are the alkaloid plant toxins?

A
  • Colichicine
  • Diterpene alkaoids
  • Ergot alkaloids
  • Indolizidine alkaloids
  • Licorice
  • Muscadine
  • Piperidine alkaloids
  • Pyridine alkaloids
  • Pyrrolizidine alkaloids
  • Solanine and solanidine
  • Taxine alkaloids
  • Tropane alkaloids
  • Sanguine alkaloids
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20
Q

What toxic principle is in Glory Lily and Autumn Crocus?

A

Colchicine

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21
Q

What is the MOA of colichine?

A

Antibiotic by binding to tublin and inhibiting spindle formation during cell division
→ whole body toxicity (rapidly dividing cells most affected)

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22
Q

What plants contain diterpene alkaloids?

A

Buttercup family

  • Larksupur
  • Monkshood
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23
Q

What is the MOA of monkshood toxicxity?

A

Diterpene alkaloids → competitive nicotinic blockade and muscle endplate → paralysis (like NMBD)

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24
Q

How would you treat a paralysis caused by diterpene alkaloids?

A

Causes neuromuscular blockade

Anticholinergic → neostigmine and physostigmine

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25
Q

Muscle weakness, staggering, bloat, recumbency, and collapse are NOT early signs of which plant?

A. Locoweed
B. Monkshood
C. Poison hemlock
D. Tobacco

A

A. Locoweed
- Peripheral neuronal degeneration → depression, incoordination, ataxia, and abnormal behaviour

Monkshood → Neuromuscular blockade
Poison hemlock → NM simulation followed by blockade
Tobacco → NM simulation followed by blockade

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26
Q

MOA of ergot?

A
  • Vasoconstriction and gangrene

- Uterine contractions

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27
Q

What is your DDX for loss of hair and hoof/ gangrene??

A
  • Ergot → vasoconstriction causing gangrene

- Selenium → changes in proteins

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28
Q

What toxic plant principles is in locoweeds/milkvetch?

A

Indolizidine alkaoids

Selenium
Nitropropanol glycoside

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29
Q

What is the MOA of indolizidine alkaloids?

A

Inhibit lysosomal enzymes essential for formation of glycoproteins

Neurotoxic alkaloids —> alter cellular function in the brain

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30
Q

What is the MOA of nitropropranol glycoside?

A

Peripheral neuronal degeneration and respirate signs

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31
Q

Clinical signs associated with locoweed toxicity?

A 
Depression 
Incoordination 
Ataxia
Circling 
Abnormal behaviour
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32
Q

Amaryllis plants like Narcissus (daffodils) and river Lilly’s have what toxic principle, and what is its MOA?

A

Lycorine —> emetic and purgative

Bulb is most toxic

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33
Q

What is the MOA of amanita muscaria (mushroom)?

A

Stimulate muscarinic cholingeric receptors

CNS stimulation —> seizure

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34
Q

What is the treatment for amanita poisoning?

A

Atropine (muscarinic antagonist)

Symptomatic and decontaminate

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35
Q

What plants contain piperidine alkaloids?

A

Poison hemlock/ spotted hemlock

Lupine

Tobacco

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36
Q

What is the MOA of piperidine alkaloids?

A

Nicotinic effect at ganglionic and neuromuscular synapses —> stimulation followed by blockade

37
Q

Clinical signs associated with tobacco and poison hemlock toxicity?

A

Ataxia and incoordination (neuromuscular blockade)

Birth defects (skeletal malformations and cleft palate)

38
Q

What are the two toxic principles found in tobacco plants?

A 
Piperidine alkaloid 
Pyridine alkaloids (nightshade family)
39
Q

What is the MOA of lobelia?

A

Pyridine alkaloid
-> agonist at nicotinic receptors

Low dose -> deloplarize
High dose-> blockade

Tobacco also has this MOA

40
Q

Clinical signs..
excitation, salivation, lacrimation, vomiting, diarrhea, and tachypnea
Muscle twitching/weakness, and dyspnea

Associated with what plant toxicity?

A

Tobacco and lobelia - pyridine alkaloid

41
Q

Rattlebox/ crotolaria have what MOA resulting in what clinical signs?

A

Hepatotoxicity

—> photosensitization
—> hepatic encephalopathy (head pressing and mania)

42
Q

Solanine and solanidine alkaloids are found in what plants?

A

Nightshade family

  • black nightshade
  • eggplant
  • tomato
  • Chinese lantern
43
Q

What is the MOA of solanine and solanidine alkaoids?

A

GI, CNS, respiratory and cardiac (similar effect to atropine)

44
Q

Japanese yew contains what toxic plant principle? MOA?

A

Taxine alkaloid

Cardiotoxic and GI effects

45
Q

What plants contain tropane alkaloids?

A

Jimsonweed
Devils trumpet
Angels trumpet

46
Q

What is the MOA of tropane alkaloid? What could you use to treat?

A 
Inhibit Na/K ATPase and increased intracellular Na and Ca 
—> arrhythmic at high dose 
—> CNS: seizures 
—> mydriasis 
—> GI

Treat with pysostigmine

47
Q

MOA of xanthine alkaliods ?

A

= caffeine, theophylline, and theobromine

Block adenosine receptors
Inhibit phosphodiesterase

48
Q

What are clinical signs associated with ingestion of cocoa and coffee plants?

A

CNS stimulation and convulsive seizures

Muscle tremors
Salivation, vomiting, diarrhea
Tachycardia and hypotension

49
Q

Coffee weed (senna) and Aloe contains which toxin?

A

Anthraquinones

50
Q

What is the MOA of anthraquinones?

A

Purgative

Irritation of GI tract

51
Q

Coffee weed (senna) has an unknown principle causing skeletal and cardiac muscle degeneration. What would be another DDX for these signs?

A

Ionophore (monenesin) toxicity

52
Q

What plant contains calcinogenic glycosides?

A

Day-blooming jessamine (night shade family —> fragrant flowers)

53
Q

What is the MOA of day-blooming jessamine?

A

Calcinogenic glycoside

—> hypercalcemia —> calcification of the arteries, tendons, and ligaments

54
Q

What toxins cause a hypercalcemia ?

A 
Carcinogenic glycosides (day blooming jessamine) 
Calciferol rodenticides
55
Q

What toxin is found in cocklebur?

A

Carboxytractyloside (sulfates glycoside)

56
Q

What is the MOA of carboxytractyloside?

A

Hepatotoxicity —> photosensitization and encephalopathy

Mechanical injury to mouth -> excessive salivation

57
Q

Oleander has what toxin?

A

Cardiac glycosides

58
Q

What is the MOA of cardiac glycosides?

A

Inhibit Na/K ATPase

GI irritation

59
Q

What plants contain cardiac glycosides?

A 
Foxglove 
Oleander
Periwinkle 
Desert rose 
Milkweed 
Lily of the valley
Christmas Kallanchoe
60
Q

What is the toxin in sweet clover?

A

Coumarin glycosides

61
Q

What is the MOA of sweet clover toxicity?

A

Coumarin forms dicoumarol in spoiled plants —> antivitamin K -> lack of coag factors 2, 7, 9, 10

62
Q

Hemorrhage and petechiae are associated with what toxins?

A 
Warfarin (anticoagulant rodenticides) 
Sweet clover (coumarin glycosides) —> yellow flower
63
Q

What is the antidote to toxicity caused by sweet clover?

A

Vit K

Fresh frozen plasma
Whole blood

64
Q

What is the MOA of cyanogenic glycosides ?

A

Release of HCN on hydrolysis in damaged plants

  • > inhibit cytochrome oxidase and inhibit cellular respiration —> respiratory symptoms due to anoxia—> blood will be bright red due to hyperoxygenation
  • > inhibit glycolysis
  • > inhibit CAC
  • > irritation of mucus membranes

HCN is metabolized to thiocyanate (SCN) in liver —> antithyroid

65
Q

What toxins produce hyperoxygenation of the blood causing it to be bright red in colour?

A

Wild cherries, elderberry, and Johnson grass (cyanogenic glycosides)

Hydrogen sulfide

66
Q

What therapy can be used to reactivate cytochrome oxidase in poisoning with wild cherries/ Johnson grass?

A

Sodium nitrite

67
Q

What plants have cycasin?

A

Cycad family
-Sago palm

Zamiaceae

  • Cardboard palm
  • Coontie
68
Q

What are the 3 toxins of cycad palms?

A

Cycasin (glycoside) —> GI irritation and liver damage, teratogenic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic

B-methylamino-L-alanine —> neurotoxic amino acid

Unknown —> axonal degeneration

69
Q

What clinical signs result from ingestion of sago palm and friends?

A

Depend on amount and duration

GI —> vomiting with or without blood, anorexia, diarrhea

Liver—> photosensitization/ depression, and sometimes seizures

CNS-> ataxia, weakness, and weight loss

70
Q

What plants contain glucosinolate (thiocyanate glycosides)?

A 
Rape seed
Kale 
Broccoli 
Cabbage
Brussel sprout
Turnip 
Cauliflower

Soybean
Flax

—> antithyroid effects

71
Q

Milkvetch contain what toxic compounds?

A

Nitropropanol glycoside

72
Q

What is the MOA of nitropropanol glycoside?

A

Inhibit enzymes of the Krebs cycle and cellular oxidative phosphorylation

73
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with ingestion of milkvetch?

A

Respiratory and neurological signs in cattle and sheep

74
Q

White clover and alfalfa has what toxin?

A

Phytoestrogens

75
Q

What is the MOA of toxicity in white clover and alfalfa?

A

Estrogen receptors causing infertility in females and males

76
Q

What clinical signs are caused by phytoestrogens found in white clover?

A

Infertility in females

Decreased libido and feminization in males

77
Q

The buttercup family (anemone, ranuculus, clematis, and helleborus) contain which toxin?

A

Protoamemonin

78
Q

What is the MOA of protoanemonin?

A

Volatile oil released by hydrolysis of the glycoside

Causes severe irritation of GI mucosa and dermatitis

79
Q

Bracken fern has what toxin?

A

Ptaquloside

80
Q

What is the MOA of ptaquloside, found in bracken fern?

A

Death of precursor cells in the bone marrow causing aplastic anemia in cattle and sheep

Neoplasm in urinary tract of bovine (enzootic bovine hematuria)

Tumors of upper digestive tract and retinal degeneration in sheep

81
Q

T/F: blood in urine, anemia, and tachycardia are clinical findings consistent with enzootic bovine hematuria

A

True

Caused by bracken fern

82
Q

What plants contain steroidal saponins?

A

Agave
Nolina
Panicum spp (grass)

83
Q

What is the MOA of lechuguilla, agave, nolina, and paniculm plants?

A

Steroidal saponins
-> liver damage and inability to eliminate phylloerythrin as a metabolite of chorphyll

—> photosensitization

84
Q

T/F: dracaena and crdyline are steroidal saponins with their main effect on the liver producing photosensitization

A

False

They are steroidal saponins but mainly cause GI irritation

85
Q

Cottonseed contains what toxin?

A

Gossypol

86
Q

What is the MOA of cottonseed?

A

Gossypol —> cardiotoxic and secondary liver damage

Reduces male fertility by destroying seminiferous tubules

Bind to protein, amino acids, and iron —> protein malnutrition, inhibit enzymes, and interferes with hemoglobin synthesis

87
Q

__________ decreased toxicity of gossypol by inactivating in and enhancing excretion

A

Iron salts

88
Q

What species are more sensitive to gossypol toxicity?

A

Monogastrics > ruminant

RUSVM Toxicology Summer 2019 (10 decks)

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