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RUSVM Toxicology Summer 2019 > Plant S#!t 2 > Flashcards

Plant S#!t 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Molybdenum causes _________ deficiency

A

Copper

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2
Q

What are clinical signs of copper deficiency caused by molybdenum toxicity?

A 
Diarrhea 
Wasting
Depigmentation 
Demyelination 
Osteoporosis
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3
Q

Plants high in copper?? MOA of toxicosis??

A

Clovers

Liver damage, hemolysis, methemoglobinemia

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4
Q

What is the acute toxicosis of selenium ?

A

GI irritation and respiratory signs

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5
Q

Subacute selenium toxicity, “blind staggers” has similar clinical signs to ???

A

Arsenilic acid —> neuro abnormalities

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6
Q

Chronic selenium toxicosis affects ??

A

Hair and hoof

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7
Q

What plants can accumulate nitrates?

A 
Pigweed 
Oat 
Corn
Sweet clover 
Alfalfa
Wheat 
Sunflower
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8
Q

What is the acute MOA of nitrate toxicosis ?

A

GI irritation
Nitrite causes oxidation of ferrous iron of hemoglobin to ferric iron and formation of methemoglobin
Respiratory insufficiency signs due to inability of the blood to carry oxygen
Abortion

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9
Q

What is the chronic MOA of nitrate toxicosis?

A

Decreased progesterone during pregnancy—> abortion

Reduced performance

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10
Q

What plant family contains dimethyl disulfide ?

A

Mustards

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11
Q

What is the MOA of dimethyl disulfide ?

A

Contains 5-methyl cysteine sulfoxide which is reduced by intestinal flora in monogastrics animals and rumen microflora to dimethyl disulfide —> oxidation of RBC to form Heinz’s bodies

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12
Q

Clinical signs associated with dimethyl disulfide?

A 
Depression 
Anemia 
Hemoglobinemia 
Hemoglobinuria 
Icterus 
Cyanosis
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13
Q

Plants containing diterpene esters?

A

Chenille plant, cat tail
Candelabra “cactus”
Crown of thorns
Poinsettia

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14
Q

Clinical signs of diterpene ester toxicosis?

A

Irritation and blistering of the skin and GI mucosa leading to salivation, vomiting, and diarrhea

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15
Q

Rhododendron, azalea has what toxin?

A

Grayanotoxin

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16
Q

What is the MOA of grayanotoxin?

A

Bind to sodium channels in excitable cells
Increase permeability of sodium ions and depolarization
Irrational of GI mucosa

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17
Q

Clinical signs associated with grayanotoxin ?

A

GI signs - excessive salivation, vomiting, regurgitation, colic, and diarrhea

Depression, recumbency, tachycardia, tachypnea, seizure, and fever

Death due to aspiration pneumonia

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18
Q

Castor bean and predatory bean contain what toxin?

A

Lectins

VERY toxic

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19
Q

What is the MOA of lectin?

A

Ricin and abrin are glycoproteins

—> inhibit cellular protein synthesis resulting in cell death

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20
Q

An owner thinks their dog ate castor bean, what clinical signs would be consistent with toxicity?

A

Hemorrhagic gastritis

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21
Q

Toxin present in chinaberry? MOA?

A

Meliatoxins

Entertoxic and neurotoxic

22
Q

What are the clinical signs of meliatoxins?

A

GI signs with or without blood
CNS and peripheral neuronal signs generally similar to nicotine poisoning

Death from respiratory failure

23
Q

Propyl disulfide has a similar MOA to what other plant toxin?

A

Dimethyl disulfide

Oxygenation of the RBC membrane —> Heinz bodies

24
Q

Family of plants containing propyl disulfide ?

A

Onion

25
Q

Clinical signs associated with propyl disulfide toxicity?

A 
Anorexia
Ataxia
Tachycardia
Tancypnea dyspnea 
Abortion

Onion odor

26
Q

Toxin present in horsebrush ?

A

Tetradymol

27
Q

What is the MOA tetradymol?

A

Induction of microsomal enzymes

Liver damage —> photosensitization

28
Q

Clinical signs of horsebrush?

A

Anorexia
Depression

Incoordintation, headpressing
Dyspnea
Icterus
Skin swelling erythema, necrosis, and sloughing

29
Q

What animal is most susceptible to horsebrush toxicity?

A

Sheep

30
Q

What plants contain thimainase?

A

Horsetail

Bracken fern

31
Q

What is the MOA of bracken fern and horsetail?

A

Thiaminase destroys thiamine in the diet and produces signs of thiamine (vit B1) deficiency in monogastric animals

32
Q

Treatment of horsetail toxicity>

A

Thiamine IV (vit B1)

33
Q

What plants contain triterpenoid saponins?

A

Alfalfa
Holly
English ivy
Pokeweed family

34
Q

What is the MOA triterpenoid saponins?

A

Direct irritation of the GI mucosa —> salivation, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, colic, hypothermia

35
Q

What are some plants containing resins?

A

Milkweed
Chinaberry
Marijuana’s

36
Q

What is the MOA of resins?

A

Irritation of the nervous/muscle tissue

37
Q

What is the MOA of alsike and red clover?

A

Hepatotoxicity

—> hepatic encephalopathy and photosensitization

38
Q

Clinical signs associated with alsike clover and red clover?

A 
Lacrimation 
Photophobia 
Erythema
Pruritius 
Edema
Necrosis 
Sloughing
39
Q

What is the MOA of avocado?

A

Cardiotoxicity in goat, horse, rabbit, and caged bird

Noninfectous mastitis in cattle, horse, goat and rabbit

40
Q

MOA of black walnut?

A

Inviting of fresh shaving s —> laminitis

41
Q

What plants can cause forage-induced photosensitization ?

A

Moldy alfalfa
Red clover
Moldy wheat

—> primary and secondary photosensitization

42
Q

Grapes cause renal toxicity in what species?

A

Dogs

43
Q

Lilies cause renal failure in what speices?

A

Cats

44
Q

Pigweed causes renal failure in what species?

A

Ruminants

45
Q

Red maple MOA?

A

Oxidize hemoglobin —> heinz bodies damaging cell membrane

Hemolytic anemia, hemoglobinuria

46
Q

What are the two toxins in coffee weed, senna?

A

Unknown —> skeletal muscle myopathy and cardiomyopathy

Anthraquinones —> cathartic

47
Q

Clinical signs associated with coffee weed?

A

Diarrhea (or constipation)

Muscle weakness, recumbency, good appetite, myoglobinuria, and coffee coloured urine, tachycardia, and death

48
Q

What is the MOA of yellow starthistle and knappweed? What is the disease called?

A

Equine nigropallidal encephaomalacia AKA chewing disease

Interact with dopamine transporter resulting in death of dopaminergic neurons in the brain —> esp substantial nigra and globus pallidus

49
Q

Clinical signs associated with yellow starthistle and knappweed?

A

Inability to eat/drink, drowsiness interrupted by excitation, head down
Dehydration

50
Q

What species are Macadamia nuts toxic to?

A

Doggos

51
Q

Clinical signs associated with macadamia nuts?

A

GI and locomotor signs

Weakness, especially in hindlimbs, depression, ataxia, tremors, hyperthermia, lameness, recumbency, vomiting, colic, diarrhea, pale mucus membranes

Full recovery within 2 days

RUSVM Toxicology Summer 2019 (10 decks)

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